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Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of thiopental sodium and ketamine hydrochloride on rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, anaesthetic duration/recovery time indogs during the maintenance of general anaesthesia post-induction with thiopental sodium. Ten apparently healthy male and female dogs, aged 12-30 months, weighing 7-14 kg were divided into two groups of 5dogs each. Atropine (0.02 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) were used for premedication. Thiopental sodium (20 mg/kg) was used for induction and maintenance in group A while dogs in group B were given thiopental sodium (20 mg/kg) for induction and ketamine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) for maintenance. Duration of anaesthesia to recovery time, and vital parameters were monitored and recorded accordingly. Results revealed group A had significantly (p<0.001) prolonged duration of anaesthesia to recovery time (400 minutes) when compared to group B (200 minutes). Significant decrease was however observed in rectal temperature of group A at 50 minutes (p< 0.05), 60-90 minutes (p<0.01) and100-110 minutes (p<0.001) when compared to group B. Similarly, the respiratory rates of dogs in group A showed significant decrease at 50 minutes (p< 0.01), 60-110 minutes (p< 0.001) when compared to group B. There was no significant (p> 0.05) effect in the pulse rates of either group. It was concluded that a relative shorter recovery time, stability in rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates in the group maintained with ketamine hydrochloride were observed when compared to the group induced and maintained with thiopental sodium.
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References
- Aliu, Y. O. (2007).Veterinary Pharmacology, first edition, Tamaza Publishing Company Ltd, Zaria, Nigeria, pp.72-194.
- Aronsohn, J., Orner, G., Palleschi, G. and Gerasimov, M. (2019). Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with ketamine as part of an enhanced recovery protocol for bariatric surgery patients with sleep disordered breathing. J. Clin. Anesth., 52: 65-66.
- Aun, C. S., Sung, R. Y., O’Meara, M. E., Short, T. G. and Oh, T. E. (1993). Cardiovascular effects of intravenous induction in children, comparison between propofol and thiopentone. Bri. J. Anaesth., 70(6): 647-653.
- Domino, E.F. (2010).Taming the ketamine tiger.1965. Anesthesiology 113, 678–684. doi: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ed09a2
- Emami, M. R., Seifi, H., and Tavakoli, Z. (2006). Effects of Totally Intravenous Thiopental Anesthesia on Cardiopulmonary and Thermoregulatory System in Donkeys, J.Appl. Animal Res., 29(1): 13-16.
- Gargiulo, S., Greco, A., Gramanzini, M., Esposito, S., Affuso, A., Brunetti, A. and Vesce, G. (2012). Mice anaesthesia, analgesia and care Part 1: Anaesthetic considerations in preclinical research. ILAR J., 53(1):55-69.
- Gaudy, J. H., Dauthier, C.and Galliot, M. (1983). Ventilatory effects produced by the IV administration of incremental doses of thiopentone in the dog. Bri. J. Anaesth., 55(10): 977-984.
- Huang, Y. F., Upton, R. N., Gray, E. C., Grants, C., Zheng, D.and Ludbrook, G. L. (1997). The effects of short intravenous infusion of thiopentone on myocardial function, blood flow and oxygen consumption in sheep. Anaesth. Int. Care., 25(6): 627-633.
- McGrath, J. C., and Mackenzie, J. E. (1977). The effects of intravenous anaesthetic on the cardiovascular system of the rabbit. Bri. J. Pharmacol., 61(2): 199-212.
- Morgan, C. J. A.and Curran, H. V. (2006). Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review. Psychopharmacol., 188: 408-424.
- Morgan, D. J., Blackman, G. L., Paul, J. D., and Wolf, L. J. (1981). "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section". Anesthesiol., 54 (6): 474-480.
- Potter, D. E., and Choudhury, M. (2014). Ketamine: repurposing and redefining a multifaceted drug. Drug. Dis. Today., 19(12):1848-1850.
- Pundits, J. J. (2008). Intravenous anesthetic agents, Anaesth. Inten. Care Med., 9 (4): 154-159.
- Reilly, C.S. (1994). Intravenous anaesthetic agents: Pharmacology In: Anaesthesia (Nimmo INS, Rowbothan DJ & Smith G, editors) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 87-105.
- Thurmon, J. C., Tranquilli, W. J., and Benson, G. T. (1996). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia: Injectable Anesthetics, 3rd Ed., Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 215.
- Udegbunam, R. I., and Udegbunam, S. O. (2014). Anaesthetic potency and physiological effects of refrigerated solution of thiopentone sodium in rabbits. Sok. J. Vet. Sci., 12 (2): 14-18.
- Weiser, T. G., Haynes, A. B.and Molina, G. (2016). Size and distribution of the global volume of surgery in 2012. Bull. W. Health Organ., 94:201-209.
References
Aliu, Y. O. (2007).Veterinary Pharmacology, first edition, Tamaza Publishing Company Ltd, Zaria, Nigeria, pp.72-194.
Aronsohn, J., Orner, G., Palleschi, G. and Gerasimov, M. (2019). Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with ketamine as part of an enhanced recovery protocol for bariatric surgery patients with sleep disordered breathing. J. Clin. Anesth., 52: 65-66.
Aun, C. S., Sung, R. Y., O’Meara, M. E., Short, T. G. and Oh, T. E. (1993). Cardiovascular effects of intravenous induction in children, comparison between propofol and thiopentone. Bri. J. Anaesth., 70(6): 647-653.
Domino, E.F. (2010).Taming the ketamine tiger.1965. Anesthesiology 113, 678–684. doi: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ed09a2
Emami, M. R., Seifi, H., and Tavakoli, Z. (2006). Effects of Totally Intravenous Thiopental Anesthesia on Cardiopulmonary and Thermoregulatory System in Donkeys, J.Appl. Animal Res., 29(1): 13-16.
Gargiulo, S., Greco, A., Gramanzini, M., Esposito, S., Affuso, A., Brunetti, A. and Vesce, G. (2012). Mice anaesthesia, analgesia and care Part 1: Anaesthetic considerations in preclinical research. ILAR J., 53(1):55-69.
Gaudy, J. H., Dauthier, C.and Galliot, M. (1983). Ventilatory effects produced by the IV administration of incremental doses of thiopentone in the dog. Bri. J. Anaesth., 55(10): 977-984.
Huang, Y. F., Upton, R. N., Gray, E. C., Grants, C., Zheng, D.and Ludbrook, G. L. (1997). The effects of short intravenous infusion of thiopentone on myocardial function, blood flow and oxygen consumption in sheep. Anaesth. Int. Care., 25(6): 627-633.
McGrath, J. C., and Mackenzie, J. E. (1977). The effects of intravenous anaesthetic on the cardiovascular system of the rabbit. Bri. J. Pharmacol., 61(2): 199-212.
Morgan, C. J. A.and Curran, H. V. (2006). Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review. Psychopharmacol., 188: 408-424.
Morgan, D. J., Blackman, G. L., Paul, J. D., and Wolf, L. J. (1981). "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section". Anesthesiol., 54 (6): 474-480.
Potter, D. E., and Choudhury, M. (2014). Ketamine: repurposing and redefining a multifaceted drug. Drug. Dis. Today., 19(12):1848-1850.
Pundits, J. J. (2008). Intravenous anesthetic agents, Anaesth. Inten. Care Med., 9 (4): 154-159.
Reilly, C.S. (1994). Intravenous anaesthetic agents: Pharmacology In: Anaesthesia (Nimmo INS, Rowbothan DJ & Smith G, editors) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 87-105.
Thurmon, J. C., Tranquilli, W. J., and Benson, G. T. (1996). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia: Injectable Anesthetics, 3rd Ed., Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 215.
Udegbunam, R. I., and Udegbunam, S. O. (2014). Anaesthetic potency and physiological effects of refrigerated solution of thiopentone sodium in rabbits. Sok. J. Vet. Sci., 12 (2): 14-18.
Weiser, T. G., Haynes, A. B.and Molina, G. (2016). Size and distribution of the global volume of surgery in 2012. Bull. W. Health Organ., 94:201-209.