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The study determined the anaesthetic and physiological effects of Acepromazine-Butorphanol-Propofol (ABP-combination) and propofol alone (PRO alone) in dogs. Ten clinically healthy dogs were randomly assigned to two groups to evaluate the anaesthetic and physiological effects following ABP-combination and PRO-alone anaesthesia administered intravenously (iv). Acepromazine at 0.02mg/kg and Butorphanol at 0.05mg/kg iv were used to premedicate the dogs and Propofol at 4mg/kg for induction five minutes after premedication in ABP-combination group while Propofol alone at 6mg/kg for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) induction without premedication. Onset of anaesthesia, duration of anaesthesia time to standing, onset and duration of analgesia and duration of intubation were measured, whereas temperature, heart rate and respiratory rates were measured before induction of anaesthesia and at five minutes interval during anaesthesia. All the anaesthetic indices were significantly (p<0.05) different between groups while onset and duration of analgesia was recorded in ABP group only. Significantly (p<0.05) longer duration of anaesthesia was produced by ABP-combination compared with PRO-alone. Time to standing were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two treatments. The onset and duration of analgesia was 5.0±2.0 and 33.6±3.2 min. following ABP-combination but no analgesia recorded with PRO-alone. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in rectal temperature and respiratory rate from the baseline in ABP-combination group but not significant in PRO-alone group. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in heart rates between groups. ABP-combination TIVA provided longer duration of anaesthesia and analgesia with minimal effects on vital parameters. The dogs recovered from the anaesthesia uneventfully. The ABP-combination can be evaluated for clinical procedures in dog.
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- Adetunji, A., Ajadi, R, A., Adewoye, C. O. and Onyemakinde, B. O. (2002). Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol repeat bolus versus continous propofol infusion technique in xylazine premedicated dogs. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 57(4), pp.139-144.
- Anandmay, A. K., Dass, L. L. and Sharma, A. K. (2012). Clinico-anaesthetic changes following administration of propofol alone and in comibnation of buprenorphine in dogs. Indian Veterinary Journal, 89(10), pp.77-79.
- Bajwa, S. J., Bajwa, S. K. and Kaue, J. (2010). Comparison of two drugs combination in total intravenous anaesthetics: propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl. Saudi Arabian Journal of Anaesthesia, 4(2), pp.72-79.DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.65132
- Bolaji-Alabi, F.B. and Adetunji A. (2018). Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary parameters of dogs administered propofol_acepromazine butorphanol or propofol- acepromazinebuprenophine anaesthesia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 10(7). pp.180 184. https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0682
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- Bufalari, A., Miler, S. M., Short, C. E and Gianoni, G. (1997). The use of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with acepromazine, butorphanol and acepromazine-butorphanol. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 45(4), pp.129 134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1997.36012
- Cattai, A., Rabozzi, R., Ferasin, H., Isola, M. and Franci, P. (2018). Haemodynamic changes during propofol induction in dogs. new findings and approach of monitoring. BMC Veterinary Rsearch, 64(5), pp.590-598.
- Cicek, M., Koroglu, A., Demirbilek, S., Teksan, H. and Ersoy, M. O. (2005). Comparison of propofol-alfentanil andpropofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 22, pp.683-688. DOI: 10.1017/S0265021505001134
- Dzikiti, T. B., Stegmann, G. F., Hellenbrekers, L. J., Auer, R. E. and Dzikiti. I. N. (2009). Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam and butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol on propofol anaesthesia in goats. Journal of South African Veterinary Association, 80(1), pp.10-16.https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v80i1.162
- Emmanuella, A.O.S., Adeniran, A. and Oluwaseun S.A., (2020) Comparison of two neurolept agents on propofol-isoflurane anaesthesized Nigerian indigenous dogs. (2020). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science, 65(1) pp. 96-101. DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.77317
- Elks, J. (2014). The dictionary of drugs: chemical data, structures and bibliographies. Springer Science Business Media. Dordrecht: pp.114.
- Forney, B. (2017). www. acepromazine maleate for veterinary use. Retrieved Sptember 15, 2019, from www.wedgewoodpetrx.com/learning-center/professional-mono.
- Hall, L. W., Clarke, K. W. and Trim, C. M. (2001). Veterinary Anaesthesia (10th ed.). Edingburg, UK.: WB Sauders. pp.80-97.
- IBM - Statistical package for social sciences, 2011 (Version 20.0).
- Kajoma K., Nishimura, R., Mutoh, T., Hong, S. H., Mochizuki , M. and Sasaki, N. (2002). Effect of medetomidine-midazolam, acepromazine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary changes in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63(12), pp.1671-1679.https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1671
- Matthews N.S. (2007). Inhalant anaesthetics. In Chris Seymour, BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia andAnalgesia 2nd ed., 21(1) pp 47 - 48. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
- Merik. E. P. (2004). Propofol: therapeutic indication and the side effects:. Current Pharmaceutical design., 10(29), pp.3639-3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612043382846
- Mohammad, N., Zafar, M.A., Mohammad, G., Masood, M. Z., Manzoor, A. and Sarfaraz. I. (2009).Comparative efficacy of propofol, thiopental sodium and combination ofpropofol with ketamine hydrochloride in dogs. Pakistani Veterinary Journal, 29(1), pp.11-15.
- Morton. I. K. and Hall, J. M. (2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Neitherlands: Springer Science and Business Media. pp.101.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-011-4439-1Musk, G. C., Pang, D. S., Beths, T. and Flaherty, D. A. (2005). Target-controlled infusion ofpropofol in dogs: evaluation of four targets for induction of anaesthesia. TheVeterinary Records, 157, pp.766-770.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.24.766
- Radney, D.I. and Smith, L.J. (2018). Comparison of the effects of alfaxalone and propofol with acepromazine, butorphanol and or doxaphram on laryngeal motion and quality of examination in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 45(3)pp.241-249.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.014
- Salla, K. Bennett, R.C., Restitutti, F., Junnila, J., Raekallio, M. and Vainio, O. (2014). A comparison in dogs of meditomidine with or without MK-467 and the combination acepromazine-butorphanol as premedication prior to anaesthesia induced by propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 41(2)pp.163-173. DOI: https//doi.org/10.111/vaa 12094
- Smith, J. A., Gaynor, J. S., Bednarski, R. M. and Muir W.W. (1993). Adverse effect of administration of propofol with various preanaesthetic regiments in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 202(7) pp.1111-1115.
- Stephanie . C. D., Stephanie, A.K., Christopher, K.S, Sayge, M.S., Xiaojuan, Z and Reza, S. (2022). Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anaesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 49(4):pp. 354-363.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.002
- Thurmon, J. C. and Short, C. E. (2007). History and overview of veterinary anaesthesia. In G. K. C., Lumbs and JonesVeterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (4th ed.,). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp.3-6.
- Tsai, Y. C., Wang, L. Y. and Yeh, L. S. (2007). Clinical comparison of recovery from totalintravenous anaesthesia with prpofol and inhalational anaesthesia with isoflurane in dogs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science/ Japanese Society of Veterinary Science., 69, pp.1179-1182.https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.1179
- Umar, M. A., Yamashita, K., Kushiro, T. and Muir, W. W. (2006). Evaluation of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or ketamine-meditomidine-propofolcombination in horses. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association., 228(8), pp.1221-1227.https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.8.1221
- Umar, M. A., Yamashita, K., Kushiro, T. and Muir, W. W. (2007). Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or a combimation of ketamine-meditomidine-propofol in horses. Asian Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(2), pp.121-126.https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.2.121
- Waelbers, Y., Vermoere, P, and Polis, I. (2009). Total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs:. Diergenees Kundig Tijdschrift Journal, 78, pp.160-169.
- Yamashita, K. Wijayathilaka, T. P., Kushiro, T., Umar, M. A., Taguchi and Muir, W. W. (2007). Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of total intravenous anaethesia using midazolam, ketamine and meditomidine drug combination in horses. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 69(1), pp.7-13.https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.7
References
Adetunji, A., Ajadi, R, A., Adewoye, C. O. and Onyemakinde, B. O. (2002). Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol repeat bolus versus continous propofol infusion technique in xylazine premedicated dogs. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 57(4), pp.139-144.
Anandmay, A. K., Dass, L. L. and Sharma, A. K. (2012). Clinico-anaesthetic changes following administration of propofol alone and in comibnation of buprenorphine in dogs. Indian Veterinary Journal, 89(10), pp.77-79.
Bajwa, S. J., Bajwa, S. K. and Kaue, J. (2010). Comparison of two drugs combination in total intravenous anaesthetics: propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl. Saudi Arabian Journal of Anaesthesia, 4(2), pp.72-79.DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.65132
Bolaji-Alabi, F.B. and Adetunji A. (2018). Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary parameters of dogs administered propofol_acepromazine butorphanol or propofol- acepromazinebuprenophine anaesthesia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 10(7). pp.180 184. https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0682
Branson, K. R. (2007). Injectable and alternative anaesthetic techniques. In W. J. Tranquilli, and L. a. Jones (Ed.), Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (4th ed.,). Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 273-299.
Bufalari, A., Miler, S. M., Short, C. E and Gianoni, G. (1997). The use of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with acepromazine, butorphanol and acepromazine-butorphanol. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 45(4), pp.129 134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1997.36012
Cattai, A., Rabozzi, R., Ferasin, H., Isola, M. and Franci, P. (2018). Haemodynamic changes during propofol induction in dogs. new findings and approach of monitoring. BMC Veterinary Rsearch, 64(5), pp.590-598.
Cicek, M., Koroglu, A., Demirbilek, S., Teksan, H. and Ersoy, M. O. (2005). Comparison of propofol-alfentanil andpropofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 22, pp.683-688. DOI: 10.1017/S0265021505001134
Dzikiti, T. B., Stegmann, G. F., Hellenbrekers, L. J., Auer, R. E. and Dzikiti. I. N. (2009). Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam and butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol on propofol anaesthesia in goats. Journal of South African Veterinary Association, 80(1), pp.10-16.https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v80i1.162
Emmanuella, A.O.S., Adeniran, A. and Oluwaseun S.A., (2020) Comparison of two neurolept agents on propofol-isoflurane anaesthesized Nigerian indigenous dogs. (2020). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science, 65(1) pp. 96-101. DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.77317
Elks, J. (2014). The dictionary of drugs: chemical data, structures and bibliographies. Springer Science Business Media. Dordrecht: pp.114.
Forney, B. (2017). www. acepromazine maleate for veterinary use. Retrieved Sptember 15, 2019, from www.wedgewoodpetrx.com/learning-center/professional-mono.
Hall, L. W., Clarke, K. W. and Trim, C. M. (2001). Veterinary Anaesthesia (10th ed.). Edingburg, UK.: WB Sauders. pp.80-97.
IBM - Statistical package for social sciences, 2011 (Version 20.0).
Kajoma K., Nishimura, R., Mutoh, T., Hong, S. H., Mochizuki , M. and Sasaki, N. (2002). Effect of medetomidine-midazolam, acepromazine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary changes in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63(12), pp.1671-1679.https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1671
Matthews N.S. (2007). Inhalant anaesthetics. In Chris Seymour, BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia andAnalgesia 2nd ed., 21(1) pp 47 - 48. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
Merik. E. P. (2004). Propofol: therapeutic indication and the side effects:. Current Pharmaceutical design., 10(29), pp.3639-3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612043382846
Mohammad, N., Zafar, M.A., Mohammad, G., Masood, M. Z., Manzoor, A. and Sarfaraz. I. (2009).Comparative efficacy of propofol, thiopental sodium and combination ofpropofol with ketamine hydrochloride in dogs. Pakistani Veterinary Journal, 29(1), pp.11-15.
Morton. I. K. and Hall, J. M. (2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Neitherlands: Springer Science and Business Media. pp.101.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-011-4439-1Musk, G. C., Pang, D. S., Beths, T. and Flaherty, D. A. (2005). Target-controlled infusion ofpropofol in dogs: evaluation of four targets for induction of anaesthesia. TheVeterinary Records, 157, pp.766-770.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.24.766
Radney, D.I. and Smith, L.J. (2018). Comparison of the effects of alfaxalone and propofol with acepromazine, butorphanol and or doxaphram on laryngeal motion and quality of examination in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 45(3)pp.241-249.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.014
Salla, K. Bennett, R.C., Restitutti, F., Junnila, J., Raekallio, M. and Vainio, O. (2014). A comparison in dogs of meditomidine with or without MK-467 and the combination acepromazine-butorphanol as premedication prior to anaesthesia induced by propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 41(2)pp.163-173. DOI: https//doi.org/10.111/vaa 12094
Smith, J. A., Gaynor, J. S., Bednarski, R. M. and Muir W.W. (1993). Adverse effect of administration of propofol with various preanaesthetic regiments in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 202(7) pp.1111-1115.
Stephanie . C. D., Stephanie, A.K., Christopher, K.S, Sayge, M.S., Xiaojuan, Z and Reza, S. (2022). Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anaesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 49(4):pp. 354-363.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.002
Thurmon, J. C. and Short, C. E. (2007). History and overview of veterinary anaesthesia. In G. K. C., Lumbs and JonesVeterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (4th ed.,). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp.3-6.
Tsai, Y. C., Wang, L. Y. and Yeh, L. S. (2007). Clinical comparison of recovery from totalintravenous anaesthesia with prpofol and inhalational anaesthesia with isoflurane in dogs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science/ Japanese Society of Veterinary Science., 69, pp.1179-1182.https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.1179
Umar, M. A., Yamashita, K., Kushiro, T. and Muir, W. W. (2006). Evaluation of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or ketamine-meditomidine-propofolcombination in horses. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association., 228(8), pp.1221-1227.https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.8.1221
Umar, M. A., Yamashita, K., Kushiro, T. and Muir, W. W. (2007). Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or a combimation of ketamine-meditomidine-propofol in horses. Asian Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(2), pp.121-126.https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.2.121
Waelbers, Y., Vermoere, P, and Polis, I. (2009). Total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs:. Diergenees Kundig Tijdschrift Journal, 78, pp.160-169.
Yamashita, K. Wijayathilaka, T. P., Kushiro, T., Umar, M. A., Taguchi and Muir, W. W. (2007). Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of total intravenous anaethesia using midazolam, ketamine and meditomidine drug combination in horses. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 69(1), pp.7-13.https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.7