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Abstract
Health status of dogs may be assessed with haematological parameters, but adaptation to environmental stress can lead to adjustment of these normal parameters. This study was designed to compare the haematological parameters of indigenous and exotic dogs in Maiduguri during the hot dry season. Forty apparently healthy indigenous (n = 20) and exotic(n = 20) dogs of both sexes and aged from 3-48 months were used. Blood sample (5 ml) was collected from the cephalic vein of each dog in EDTA bottles. Parameters were determined using microhaematocrit method for packed cell volume (PCV), haemocytometery for red blood cell (RBC) count and total white blood cell (TWBC) count, cyanmethemoglobin method for haemoglobin concentration (Hb), and examination of stained blood smear for relative differential white blood cell (WBC) count. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and absolute differential WBC counts were calculated. The TWBC and neutrophil counts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in indigenousthan exotic dogs. Exotic females had significantly (p < 0.05) lower MCHC and neutrophil count than indigenous females and all males. Age significantly (p < 0.05) affected MCV, but the highest value was recorded in young exotic dogs. Adult indigenous dogs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher neutrophil count than young indigenous and all exotic dogs. Monocyte count was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in young than adult exotic and all indigenous dogs. However, haematologicalvalueswere within standard reference intervals for dogs.
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- Adebiyi, E.O, Jonathan, A.O. and Funso, O.O. (2014). Haematology of Rottweiler dog in a tropical environment. N.Y. Sci. J., 7(9):1.4
- Adeniran, M.A. (2017). Animal service: mounting integrated social security in Nigeria using domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) to combat crimes. J. E. I.A.D.C., 9(2&3):2141-2731.
- Aiyedun, J.O. and Olugasa, B.O. (2012). Identification and analysis of dog use, management practices and implications for rabies control in Ilorin, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 10(2):1-6. DOI: 10.4314/sokjvs.v10i2.1
- Ariyibi, A.A., Oyeyemi, M.O. and Ajadi, A.R. (2002). A comparative study of some haematology and biochemical parameters of clinically healthy Alsatian and local dogs. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 5(3):145-147. DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v5i3.54004
- Awah, J.N. and Nottidge, H.O. (1998). Serum biochemical parameters in clinically healthy dogs in Ibadan. Trop. Vet., 16:123-129.
- Campbell, H (2022). Age-related changes in canine and feline clinical pathology, and how to interpret them. Nationwide Laboratories, Alexandra House, Whittingham Drive Wroughton, Swindon, Wiltshire SN4 0QJ England.
- Choi, S., Hwang, J. Kim, I. and Hwang, D. (2011). Basic data on the heamatology, serum biochemistry, urology, and organ weights of beagle dogs. Lab. Anim. Res., 27(4):283-291. DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.4.283
- CIOMS: Council for International Organization of Medical Science (1985). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. WHO 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
- Claassen, J.A.H.R.., Thijssen, D.H.J., Panerai, R.B. and Faraci, F.M (2021). Regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: physiology and clinical implications of autoregulation. Physiol. Rev., https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2020
- Collerton, J., Martin-Ruiz, C., Davis, K., Hilkens, C.M., Isaacs, J., Kolenda, C., Parker, C., Dunn, M., Catt, M., Jagger, C., von Zglinicki, T. and Kirwood, T.B. (2012). Frailty and the role of inflammation, immunosencence and cellular ageing in the very old: cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ study. Mech. Ageing Dev., 133:455-466. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.05.005.
- Etim, N. N., Enyenihi, G. E., Williams, M. E., Udo, M. D. and Offiong, E. E. A. (2013). Haematological parameters indicators of the physiological status of farm animals. Br. J. Sci.,(10)1:33-45.
- Garduño, R.G., Zaragoza, C., Chay-Canul, A. J. and Flores E. (2023). Haematological values in cattle reared in humid and subhumid tropics of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03664-7.
- GraphpadInstat (2013). GraphpadInstat Software Inc.Version 3.1, 225 Franklin Street fl.26 Boston, MA 02110
- Harvey, N.D. (2021). How old is my dog? Identification of rational age groupings in pet dogs based upon normative age-linked processes. Front. Vet. Sci., doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.643085
- Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W. and Bruss, M.L. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 6th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 493:889-895.
- Ishikawa, D., Nishi, M., Takasu, C., Kashihara, H., Tokunaga T., Higashijima J., Yoshikawa, K and Shimada M. (2020). The role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on the effect of CRT for patients with rectal cancer. I. V., 34(2):863-868. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11850
- Lawrence, J., Chang, Y.R., Szladovits, B., Davison, L.J. and Garden, O.A. (2013). Breed-specific hematological phenotypes in the dog: A natural resource for the genetic dissection of hematological parameters in a mammalian species. PLoS One 8(11): e81288. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081288
- Lee, S.H., Kim, J.W., Lee, B.C. and Oh, H.J. (2020). Age-specific variations in hematological and biochemical parameters in middle-and large-sized dogs. J. Vet. Sci., 21(1): e7. Doi:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e7
- Levine, D.N. and Andreasen, C.B (2022). Neutrophil function and response. Chapter 43. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 339-346.
- McCourt, M.R. and Rizzi, T.E. (2022). Hematology of dogs Chapter 108. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 969-982.
- Monguno, A.K., Jimme, M.A. and Monguno, H.A. (2017). The influence of weather on Student’s academic performance in Kashim Ibrahim College of Education, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 23(4):1-9. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2017/33559
- Obi, T.U. and Anosa, V.O. (1980). Haematological studies of domestic animals. IV: Clinico-haematological features of bovine trypanosomiasis, theileriosis, anaplasmois, epertherozoonosis and helminthiasis. Zenn. Fur Vet. Med. Relhe, 27(17):789-797.
- Ogbu, K.I., Ezema, K.U., Adieme, I.C., Malgwi, R.I., Sabo, J.A., Ayuba, P.N., Tion, M.T., Nguety, S.A., Atuna, S.T., Emeribe, F.O., Shallmizhili, J.J. and Anene, B.M. (2021) Determination of hemobiochemicalprofiles of apparentlyhealthyexoticbreed of dogs in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Open J. Vet. Med., 11:226-245. DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2021.116015
- Olayemi, F.O. and Ighagbon, F.O. (2011). Haematology of the German shepherd dog in a humid tropical environment. Comp. Clin. Pathol., 20:61-64. Doi:10.1007/s00580-009-0935-3
- Olayemi, F.O., Azeez, I.O., Ogunyemi, A. and Ighagbon, F.O. (2009). Study on erythrocyte values of the Nigerian indigenous dog. Folia Vet., 53(2):65-67.
- Osman, N.E.I., Al-Busaidi, R.M. and Johnson, E.H. (2016). Effects of age, breed and sex on the haematological parameters of growing Omani goat breed. Sultan Qaboos Uni. J. Sci, 21(2):82-88. DOI: 10.24200/squjs.vol21iss2pp82-88
- Pessini, P. G. D., de Souza, P. R. K.,Chagas C.D., Sampaio, E.G., Neves, D.S., Petri, G., Fonseca, F.l.A. and da Silva E.B. (2020). Hematological reference values and animal welfare parameters of BALB/C-FMABC(Mus musculus) inoculated with Ehrlich tumor kept in the vivarium at ABC Medical School. A.M.E.M.,3(1):32-39. DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12099
- Rizzi, T.E., Meinkoth, J.H. and Clinkenbeard, K.D. (2010). Normal haematology of the dog. Chapter 104. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 799-890.
- Strin, M. and Freeman, K.P. (2022). Quantitative management of hematology techniques. Chapter 137. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 969-982.
- Tambuwal, F.M., Agale, B.M. and Bangana, A. (2002). Haematological and Biochemical values of apparently healthy Red Sokoto goats. Proceeding of 27th Annual Conference Nigerian Society of Animal Production (NSAP), FUTA, Akure, Nigeria. Pp 50-53.
- Tang, L., Cai, N., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y. Hu, J., Li, Y., Yi, S., Song, W., Kang, L. and He, H. (2022). Acute stress induces an inflammation dominated by innate immunity represented by neutrophils in mice.Front. Immunol., 13:1014296. Doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014296.
- Tigner, A., Ibrahim, S.A. and Murray, I.V. (2022). Histology, white blood cell. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
- Verschoor, C.P., Loukov, D., Naidoo, A., Puchata, A., Johnstone, J., Millar, J., Lelic, A., Novakowski, K.E., Dorrington, M.G., Loeb, M., Bramson, J.L. and Bowdish, D.M.E. (2015). Circulating TNF and mitochondrial DNA are major determinants of neutrophil phenotype in the advanced age, frail elderly. Mol. Immunol, 65:148-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.015.
- Vidhan, V.S. and Rai, P. (1987). Certain haematological and biochemical attributes during pregnancy, parturition and post-parturition periods in sheep and goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 57(11):1200-1204.
References
Adebiyi, E.O, Jonathan, A.O. and Funso, O.O. (2014). Haematology of Rottweiler dog in a tropical environment. N.Y. Sci. J., 7(9):1.4
Adeniran, M.A. (2017). Animal service: mounting integrated social security in Nigeria using domesticated dogs (Canis familiaris) to combat crimes. J. E. I.A.D.C., 9(2&3):2141-2731.
Aiyedun, J.O. and Olugasa, B.O. (2012). Identification and analysis of dog use, management practices and implications for rabies control in Ilorin, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 10(2):1-6. DOI: 10.4314/sokjvs.v10i2.1
Ariyibi, A.A., Oyeyemi, M.O. and Ajadi, A.R. (2002). A comparative study of some haematology and biochemical parameters of clinically healthy Alsatian and local dogs. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 5(3):145-147. DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v5i3.54004
Awah, J.N. and Nottidge, H.O. (1998). Serum biochemical parameters in clinically healthy dogs in Ibadan. Trop. Vet., 16:123-129.
Campbell, H (2022). Age-related changes in canine and feline clinical pathology, and how to interpret them. Nationwide Laboratories, Alexandra House, Whittingham Drive Wroughton, Swindon, Wiltshire SN4 0QJ England.
Choi, S., Hwang, J. Kim, I. and Hwang, D. (2011). Basic data on the heamatology, serum biochemistry, urology, and organ weights of beagle dogs. Lab. Anim. Res., 27(4):283-291. DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.4.283
CIOMS: Council for International Organization of Medical Science (1985). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. WHO 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Claassen, J.A.H.R.., Thijssen, D.H.J., Panerai, R.B. and Faraci, F.M (2021). Regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: physiology and clinical implications of autoregulation. Physiol. Rev., https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2020
Collerton, J., Martin-Ruiz, C., Davis, K., Hilkens, C.M., Isaacs, J., Kolenda, C., Parker, C., Dunn, M., Catt, M., Jagger, C., von Zglinicki, T. and Kirwood, T.B. (2012). Frailty and the role of inflammation, immunosencence and cellular ageing in the very old: cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ study. Mech. Ageing Dev., 133:455-466. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.05.005.
Etim, N. N., Enyenihi, G. E., Williams, M. E., Udo, M. D. and Offiong, E. E. A. (2013). Haematological parameters indicators of the physiological status of farm animals. Br. J. Sci.,(10)1:33-45.
Garduño, R.G., Zaragoza, C., Chay-Canul, A. J. and Flores E. (2023). Haematological values in cattle reared in humid and subhumid tropics of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03664-7.
GraphpadInstat (2013). GraphpadInstat Software Inc.Version 3.1, 225 Franklin Street fl.26 Boston, MA 02110
Harvey, N.D. (2021). How old is my dog? Identification of rational age groupings in pet dogs based upon normative age-linked processes. Front. Vet. Sci., doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.643085
Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W. and Bruss, M.L. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 6th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 493:889-895.
Ishikawa, D., Nishi, M., Takasu, C., Kashihara, H., Tokunaga T., Higashijima J., Yoshikawa, K and Shimada M. (2020). The role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on the effect of CRT for patients with rectal cancer. I. V., 34(2):863-868. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11850
Lawrence, J., Chang, Y.R., Szladovits, B., Davison, L.J. and Garden, O.A. (2013). Breed-specific hematological phenotypes in the dog: A natural resource for the genetic dissection of hematological parameters in a mammalian species. PLoS One 8(11): e81288. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081288
Lee, S.H., Kim, J.W., Lee, B.C. and Oh, H.J. (2020). Age-specific variations in hematological and biochemical parameters in middle-and large-sized dogs. J. Vet. Sci., 21(1): e7. Doi:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e7
Levine, D.N. and Andreasen, C.B (2022). Neutrophil function and response. Chapter 43. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 339-346.
McCourt, M.R. and Rizzi, T.E. (2022). Hematology of dogs Chapter 108. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 969-982.
Monguno, A.K., Jimme, M.A. and Monguno, H.A. (2017). The influence of weather on Student’s academic performance in Kashim Ibrahim College of Education, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 23(4):1-9. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2017/33559
Obi, T.U. and Anosa, V.O. (1980). Haematological studies of domestic animals. IV: Clinico-haematological features of bovine trypanosomiasis, theileriosis, anaplasmois, epertherozoonosis and helminthiasis. Zenn. Fur Vet. Med. Relhe, 27(17):789-797.
Ogbu, K.I., Ezema, K.U., Adieme, I.C., Malgwi, R.I., Sabo, J.A., Ayuba, P.N., Tion, M.T., Nguety, S.A., Atuna, S.T., Emeribe, F.O., Shallmizhili, J.J. and Anene, B.M. (2021) Determination of hemobiochemicalprofiles of apparentlyhealthyexoticbreed of dogs in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Open J. Vet. Med., 11:226-245. DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2021.116015
Olayemi, F.O. and Ighagbon, F.O. (2011). Haematology of the German shepherd dog in a humid tropical environment. Comp. Clin. Pathol., 20:61-64. Doi:10.1007/s00580-009-0935-3
Olayemi, F.O., Azeez, I.O., Ogunyemi, A. and Ighagbon, F.O. (2009). Study on erythrocyte values of the Nigerian indigenous dog. Folia Vet., 53(2):65-67.
Osman, N.E.I., Al-Busaidi, R.M. and Johnson, E.H. (2016). Effects of age, breed and sex on the haematological parameters of growing Omani goat breed. Sultan Qaboos Uni. J. Sci, 21(2):82-88. DOI: 10.24200/squjs.vol21iss2pp82-88
Pessini, P. G. D., de Souza, P. R. K.,Chagas C.D., Sampaio, E.G., Neves, D.S., Petri, G., Fonseca, F.l.A. and da Silva E.B. (2020). Hematological reference values and animal welfare parameters of BALB/C-FMABC(Mus musculus) inoculated with Ehrlich tumor kept in the vivarium at ABC Medical School. A.M.E.M.,3(1):32-39. DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12099
Rizzi, T.E., Meinkoth, J.H. and Clinkenbeard, K.D. (2010). Normal haematology of the dog. Chapter 104. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 799-890.
Strin, M. and Freeman, K.P. (2022). Quantitative management of hematology techniques. Chapter 137. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 7th Edition. Brooks MB, Harr KE, Seelig DM, Wardrop KJ and Weiss DJ (Eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pages 969-982.
Tambuwal, F.M., Agale, B.M. and Bangana, A. (2002). Haematological and Biochemical values of apparently healthy Red Sokoto goats. Proceeding of 27th Annual Conference Nigerian Society of Animal Production (NSAP), FUTA, Akure, Nigeria. Pp 50-53.
Tang, L., Cai, N., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y. Hu, J., Li, Y., Yi, S., Song, W., Kang, L. and He, H. (2022). Acute stress induces an inflammation dominated by innate immunity represented by neutrophils in mice.Front. Immunol., 13:1014296. Doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014296.
Tigner, A., Ibrahim, S.A. and Murray, I.V. (2022). Histology, white blood cell. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
Verschoor, C.P., Loukov, D., Naidoo, A., Puchata, A., Johnstone, J., Millar, J., Lelic, A., Novakowski, K.E., Dorrington, M.G., Loeb, M., Bramson, J.L. and Bowdish, D.M.E. (2015). Circulating TNF and mitochondrial DNA are major determinants of neutrophil phenotype in the advanced age, frail elderly. Mol. Immunol, 65:148-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.015.
Vidhan, V.S. and Rai, P. (1987). Certain haematological and biochemical attributes during pregnancy, parturition and post-parturition periods in sheep and goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 57(11):1200-1204.