Main Article Content
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease is considered one of the major hindrances to the growth of animal husbandry in Nigeria, with a projected annual loss of about 7 billion naira. We sought to establish the hematological and biochemical features in Nigerian indigenous cattle naturally infected with FMDV by comparing the hematological and biochemical features with breed, sex, and age. Forty cattle showing clinical manifestations and confirmed positive for FMD with the FMD rapid diagnostic kit were sampled for this study. Standard hematological and serum biochemical techniques were adopted for the analysis. Demography findings revealed more clinical FMD cases in the White Fulani breed (50%) compared to the least in Red Bororo (10%), females (60%) compared to males (40%), and adults (60%) compared to young (40%) cattle, respectively. There were generalized neutrophilia, lymphopenia, hypoproteinemia, increased ALT, and decreased AST enzymes when compared with reference ranges. All parameters analyzed regarding sex revealed no significance in their mean ± standard deviation, except neutrophils and absolute neutrophils, with p-values of 0.022 and 0.003, respectively. The results of all parameters regarding ages showed no statistical significance when comparisons of their mean ± SD were analyzed. We therefore conclude that there were more incidences of FMD in white Fulani, female, and adult cattle compared to other breeds, male and young animals, respectively, in Nigeria. The hematological and biochemical features appeared better in the Red Bororo breed, female and adult FMD-infected cattle compared to other breeds, male and young FMD-infected cattle respectively.
Keywords
Foot and mouth disease virus; Biochemical parameters; Hematological parameters; Cattle; Nigeria
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Clinico-haematological and Serum Biochemical Changes Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease in some Breeds of Cattle in Oyo State, Nigeria. (2024). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 21(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.54058/0tk1gc86
How to Cite
Clinico-haematological and Serum Biochemical Changes Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease in some Breeds of Cattle in Oyo State, Nigeria. (2024). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 21(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.54058/0tk1gc86
References
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Adebayo, A.S., Agboola, E.A., Majebi, O.E., Adekunle, A. and Adekola, P.J. (2020). Assessment of information infrastructure on adoption of agronomic practices among small scale farmers in Ido Local Government, Oyo State. J. Res. For. Wildl. Environ., 12(3):72-84.
Adedokun, R.A., Olaogun, S.C. and Alaba, B.A. (2023). Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Apparently Healthy Horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Alexandria J. Vet. Sci., 77(1). DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.10877.
Alhaji, N.B., Amin, J., Aliyu, M.B., Mohammad, B., Babalobi, O.O., Wungak, Y. and Odetokun, I.A. (2020). Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey. Prev. Vet. Med., 177:104974. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104974.
Atuman, Y.J., Kudi, C.A., Abdu, P.A., Okubanjo, O.O., Abubakar, A., Wungak, Y. and Ularamu, H.G. (2020). Seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in some wildlife and cattle in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Vet. Med. Int., 2020:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3642793
Beyene, B., Tolosa, T., Rufael, T., Hailu, B. and Teklue, T. (2015). Foot and mouth disease in selected districts of western Ethiopia: seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 34(3):2.
Brito, B.P., Rodriguez, L.L., Hammond, J.M., Pinto, J. and Perez, A.M. (2017). Review of the global distribution of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 64(2):316-332. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373
Charles, O.S. and Adedayo, A.P. (2018). Clinico-haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of cattle. Anim. Health Prod., 66:509-520.
Chase, C.C., Hurley, D.J. and Reber, A.J. (2008). Neonatal immune development in the calf and its impact on vaccine response. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 24(1):87-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.11.001
Chase-Topping, M.E., Handel, I., Bankowski, B.M., Juleff, N.D., Gibson, D., Cox, S.J., Windsor, M.A., Reid, E., Doel, C., Howey, R. and Barnett, P.V. (2013). Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness. Vet. Res., 44:1-10. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-46
Durojaiye, A. (1981). Incidence of FMD in Oyo state of Nigeria, 1967-1981. Niger. Vet. J., 10:7-13.
Fernandez, F.R., Grindem, C.B., Feldman, B.F., Zinkl, J.G. and Jain, N.C. (2000). Schalm's veterinary hematology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins, cap, 19:110-116.
Ghanem, M.M. and Abdel-Hamid, O.M. (2010). Clinical, haematological and biochemical alterations in heat intolerance (panting) syndrome in Egyptian cattle following natural foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42:1167-1173. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9543-0
Ghosh, S. and Klein, R.S. (2017). Sex drives dimorphic immune responses to viral infections. J. Immunol., 198(5):1782-1790. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601166
Giefing‐Kröll, C., Berger, P. and Lepperdinger, G. (2015). How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell., 14(3):309-321. DOI: 10.1111/acel.12326
Jemberu, W.T., Mourits, M.C.M., Sahle, M., Siraw, B., Vernooij, J.C.M. and Hogeveen, H. (2016). Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Ethiopia: A retrospective analysis of district level outbreaks, 2007–2012. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63(6):e246-e259. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12338
Klein, S.L. and Flanagan, K.L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16(10):626-638. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.90.
Knight‐Jones, T.J., Robinson, L., Charleston, B., Rodriguez, L.L., Gay, C.G., Sumption, K.J. and Vosloo, W. (2016). Global foot‐and‐mouth disease research update and gap analysis: 1‐Overview of global status and research needs. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63:3-13. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12528
Kubkomawa, H.I. (2017). Indigenous breeds of cattle, their productivity, economic and cultural values in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Int. J. Res. Stud. Agric. Sci., 3(1):27-43. DOI:
Longjam, N., Deb, R., Sarmah, A.K., Tayo, T., Awachat, V.B. and Saxena, V.K. (2011). A brief review on diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease of livestock: conventional to molecular tools. Vet. Med. Int., 2011. DOI: 10.4061/2011/905768
Megersa, B., Beyene, B., Abunna, F., Regassa, A., Amenu, K. and Rufael, T. (2009). Risk factors for foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in indigenous cattle in Southern Ethiopia: the effect of production system. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41:891-898. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9276-5
Mohamoud, A., Tessema, E. and Degefu, H. (2011). Seroprevalence of bovine foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Awbere and Babille districts of Jijiga zone, Somalia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(21):3559-3563. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.750
Mwai, O., Hanotte, O., Kwon, Y.J. and Cho, S. (2015). African indigenous cattle: unique genetic resources in a rapidly changing world. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 28(7):911. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0002R
Nawathe, D.R. and Goni, M. (1976). Foot and mouth disease in Nigeria. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 24(1):1-4.
Odetola, T. and Etumnu, C. (2013). Contribution of agriculture to economic growth in Nigeria. In Proc. 18th Annu. Conf. African Econometric Soc. (AES), Accra, Ghana, 22-1-28.
Olabode, O.H., Kazeem, H.M., Raji, M.A. and Ibrahim, N.D. (2013). Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease virus antibodies in trade cattle (Bos indicus) in Kwara state of Nigeria. Vet. World, 6(10).
Olaogun, S. and Lasisi, O. (2015). Bovine Helminthosis: Blood Glucose Levels and Age Influence on Susceptibility in Some Nigerian Breeds of Cattle. J. Vet. Adv., 1:1029-1035.
Olaogun, S.C. and Jeremiah, O.T. (2018). Clinico-haematological features of dermatophilosis in indigenious breeds of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger. Vet. J., 39(2):151-160. DOI: 10.4314/nvj.v39i2.7
Olaogun, S.C. and Onwuzuruike, K.J. (2018). Incidence and biochemical parameters of dermatophilosis in Nigerian cattle breeds from livestock markets, Oyo state, Nigeria. Open Vet. J., 8(1):35-39. DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.6
Olaogun, S.C. and Oyetoyinbo, T.E. (2020). Lameness and its associated hematological features among Nigerian breeds of goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger. J. Anim. Sci., 22(3):315-324.
Olawuwo, O.S., Olaogun, S.C., Azeez, O.I. and Oyewale, J.O. (2020). Effects of Graded Crude Protein Diet on Haematological Indices and Body Weight of African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Sahel J. Vet. Sci., 17(4):8-15. DOI: 10.54058/saheljvs.v17i4.177
Orihuela, A. and Galina, C.S. (2019). Effects of separation of cows and calves on reproductive performance and animal welfare in tropical beef cattle. Animals, 9(5):223. DOI: 10.3390/ani9050223
Saravanan, S., Umapathi, V., Priyanka, M., Hosamani, M., Sreenivasa, B.P., Patel, B.H.M., Narayanan, K., Sanyal, A. and Basagoudanavar, S.H. (2020). Hematological and serum biochemical profile in cattle ex00perimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet. World, 13(3):426. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.426-432
Sherwin, C.M., Christiansen, S.B., Duncan, I.J., Erhard, H.W., Lay Jr, D.C., Mench, J.A., O'Connor, C.E. and Petherick, J.C. (2003). Guidelines for the ethical use of animals in applied ethology studies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 81(3):291-305. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00288-5
Wong, C.L., Yong, C.Y., Ong, H.K., Ho, K.L. and Tan, W.S. (2020). Advances in the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7:477. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477
Wungak, Y.S., Olugasa, B.O., Ishola, O.O., Lazarus, D.D. and Ularamu, G.H. (2016). Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence and exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle in north-central, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 15(24):1224-1232. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2016.15332.
References
Adebayo, A.S., Agboola, E.A., Majebi, O.E., Adekunle, A. and Adekola, P.J. (2020). Assessment of information infrastructure on adoption of agronomic practices among small scale farmers in Ido Local Government, Oyo State. J. Res. For. Wildl. Environ., 12(3):72-84.
Adedokun, R.A., Olaogun, S.C. and Alaba, B.A. (2023). Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Apparently Healthy Horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Alexandria J. Vet. Sci., 77(1). DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.10877.
Alhaji, N.B., Amin, J., Aliyu, M.B., Mohammad, B., Babalobi, O.O., Wungak, Y. and Odetokun, I.A. (2020). Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey. Prev. Vet. Med., 177:104974. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104974.
Atuman, Y.J., Kudi, C.A., Abdu, P.A., Okubanjo, O.O., Abubakar, A., Wungak, Y. and Ularamu, H.G. (2020). Seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in some wildlife and cattle in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Vet. Med. Int., 2020:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3642793
Beyene, B., Tolosa, T., Rufael, T., Hailu, B. and Teklue, T. (2015). Foot and mouth disease in selected districts of western Ethiopia: seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 34(3):2.
Brito, B.P., Rodriguez, L.L., Hammond, J.M., Pinto, J. and Perez, A.M. (2017). Review of the global distribution of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 64(2):316-332. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373
Charles, O.S. and Adedayo, A.P. (2018). Clinico-haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of cattle. Anim. Health Prod., 66:509-520.
Chase, C.C., Hurley, D.J. and Reber, A.J. (2008). Neonatal immune development in the calf and its impact on vaccine response. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 24(1):87-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.11.001
Chase-Topping, M.E., Handel, I., Bankowski, B.M., Juleff, N.D., Gibson, D., Cox, S.J., Windsor, M.A., Reid, E., Doel, C., Howey, R. and Barnett, P.V. (2013). Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness. Vet. Res., 44:1-10. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-46
Durojaiye, A. (1981). Incidence of FMD in Oyo state of Nigeria, 1967-1981. Niger. Vet. J., 10:7-13.
Fernandez, F.R., Grindem, C.B., Feldman, B.F., Zinkl, J.G. and Jain, N.C. (2000). Schalm's veterinary hematology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins, cap, 19:110-116.
Ghanem, M.M. and Abdel-Hamid, O.M. (2010). Clinical, haematological and biochemical alterations in heat intolerance (panting) syndrome in Egyptian cattle following natural foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42:1167-1173. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9543-0
Ghosh, S. and Klein, R.S. (2017). Sex drives dimorphic immune responses to viral infections. J. Immunol., 198(5):1782-1790. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601166
Giefing‐Kröll, C., Berger, P. and Lepperdinger, G. (2015). How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell., 14(3):309-321. DOI: 10.1111/acel.12326
Jemberu, W.T., Mourits, M.C.M., Sahle, M., Siraw, B., Vernooij, J.C.M. and Hogeveen, H. (2016). Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Ethiopia: A retrospective analysis of district level outbreaks, 2007–2012. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63(6):e246-e259. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12338
Klein, S.L. and Flanagan, K.L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16(10):626-638. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.90.
Knight‐Jones, T.J., Robinson, L., Charleston, B., Rodriguez, L.L., Gay, C.G., Sumption, K.J. and Vosloo, W. (2016). Global foot‐and‐mouth disease research update and gap analysis: 1‐Overview of global status and research needs. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63:3-13. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12528
Kubkomawa, H.I. (2017). Indigenous breeds of cattle, their productivity, economic and cultural values in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Int. J. Res. Stud. Agric. Sci., 3(1):27-43. DOI:
Longjam, N., Deb, R., Sarmah, A.K., Tayo, T., Awachat, V.B. and Saxena, V.K. (2011). A brief review on diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease of livestock: conventional to molecular tools. Vet. Med. Int., 2011. DOI: 10.4061/2011/905768
Megersa, B., Beyene, B., Abunna, F., Regassa, A., Amenu, K. and Rufael, T. (2009). Risk factors for foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in indigenous cattle in Southern Ethiopia: the effect of production system. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41:891-898. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9276-5
Mohamoud, A., Tessema, E. and Degefu, H. (2011). Seroprevalence of bovine foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Awbere and Babille districts of Jijiga zone, Somalia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(21):3559-3563. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.750
Mwai, O., Hanotte, O., Kwon, Y.J. and Cho, S. (2015). African indigenous cattle: unique genetic resources in a rapidly changing world. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 28(7):911. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0002R
Nawathe, D.R. and Goni, M. (1976). Foot and mouth disease in Nigeria. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 24(1):1-4.
Odetola, T. and Etumnu, C. (2013). Contribution of agriculture to economic growth in Nigeria. In Proc. 18th Annu. Conf. African Econometric Soc. (AES), Accra, Ghana, 22-1-28.
Olabode, O.H., Kazeem, H.M., Raji, M.A. and Ibrahim, N.D. (2013). Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease virus antibodies in trade cattle (Bos indicus) in Kwara state of Nigeria. Vet. World, 6(10).
Olaogun, S. and Lasisi, O. (2015). Bovine Helminthosis: Blood Glucose Levels and Age Influence on Susceptibility in Some Nigerian Breeds of Cattle. J. Vet. Adv., 1:1029-1035.
Olaogun, S.C. and Jeremiah, O.T. (2018). Clinico-haematological features of dermatophilosis in indigenious breeds of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger. Vet. J., 39(2):151-160. DOI: 10.4314/nvj.v39i2.7
Olaogun, S.C. and Onwuzuruike, K.J. (2018). Incidence and biochemical parameters of dermatophilosis in Nigerian cattle breeds from livestock markets, Oyo state, Nigeria. Open Vet. J., 8(1):35-39. DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.6
Olaogun, S.C. and Oyetoyinbo, T.E. (2020). Lameness and its associated hematological features among Nigerian breeds of goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger. J. Anim. Sci., 22(3):315-324.
Olawuwo, O.S., Olaogun, S.C., Azeez, O.I. and Oyewale, J.O. (2020). Effects of Graded Crude Protein Diet on Haematological Indices and Body Weight of African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Sahel J. Vet. Sci., 17(4):8-15. DOI: 10.54058/saheljvs.v17i4.177
Orihuela, A. and Galina, C.S. (2019). Effects of separation of cows and calves on reproductive performance and animal welfare in tropical beef cattle. Animals, 9(5):223. DOI: 10.3390/ani9050223
Saravanan, S., Umapathi, V., Priyanka, M., Hosamani, M., Sreenivasa, B.P., Patel, B.H.M., Narayanan, K., Sanyal, A. and Basagoudanavar, S.H. (2020). Hematological and serum biochemical profile in cattle ex00perimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet. World, 13(3):426. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.426-432
Sherwin, C.M., Christiansen, S.B., Duncan, I.J., Erhard, H.W., Lay Jr, D.C., Mench, J.A., O'Connor, C.E. and Petherick, J.C. (2003). Guidelines for the ethical use of animals in applied ethology studies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 81(3):291-305. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00288-5
Wong, C.L., Yong, C.Y., Ong, H.K., Ho, K.L. and Tan, W.S. (2020). Advances in the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7:477. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477
Wungak, Y.S., Olugasa, B.O., Ishola, O.O., Lazarus, D.D. and Ularamu, G.H. (2016). Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence and exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle in north-central, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 15(24):1224-1232. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2016.15332.
Adedokun, R.A., Olaogun, S.C. and Alaba, B.A. (2023). Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Apparently Healthy Horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Alexandria J. Vet. Sci., 77(1). DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.10877.
Alhaji, N.B., Amin, J., Aliyu, M.B., Mohammad, B., Babalobi, O.O., Wungak, Y. and Odetokun, I.A. (2020). Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey. Prev. Vet. Med., 177:104974. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104974.
Atuman, Y.J., Kudi, C.A., Abdu, P.A., Okubanjo, O.O., Abubakar, A., Wungak, Y. and Ularamu, H.G. (2020). Seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in some wildlife and cattle in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Vet. Med. Int., 2020:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3642793
Beyene, B., Tolosa, T., Rufael, T., Hailu, B. and Teklue, T. (2015). Foot and mouth disease in selected districts of western Ethiopia: seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 34(3):2.
Brito, B.P., Rodriguez, L.L., Hammond, J.M., Pinto, J. and Perez, A.M. (2017). Review of the global distribution of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 64(2):316-332. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373
Charles, O.S. and Adedayo, A.P. (2018). Clinico-haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of cattle. Anim. Health Prod., 66:509-520.
Chase, C.C., Hurley, D.J. and Reber, A.J. (2008). Neonatal immune development in the calf and its impact on vaccine response. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 24(1):87-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.11.001
Chase-Topping, M.E., Handel, I., Bankowski, B.M., Juleff, N.D., Gibson, D., Cox, S.J., Windsor, M.A., Reid, E., Doel, C., Howey, R. and Barnett, P.V. (2013). Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness. Vet. Res., 44:1-10. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-46
Durojaiye, A. (1981). Incidence of FMD in Oyo state of Nigeria, 1967-1981. Niger. Vet. J., 10:7-13.
Fernandez, F.R., Grindem, C.B., Feldman, B.F., Zinkl, J.G. and Jain, N.C. (2000). Schalm's veterinary hematology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins, cap, 19:110-116.
Ghanem, M.M. and Abdel-Hamid, O.M. (2010). Clinical, haematological and biochemical alterations in heat intolerance (panting) syndrome in Egyptian cattle following natural foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42:1167-1173. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9543-0
Ghosh, S. and Klein, R.S. (2017). Sex drives dimorphic immune responses to viral infections. J. Immunol., 198(5):1782-1790. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601166
Giefing‐Kröll, C., Berger, P. and Lepperdinger, G. (2015). How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell., 14(3):309-321. DOI: 10.1111/acel.12326
Jemberu, W.T., Mourits, M.C.M., Sahle, M., Siraw, B., Vernooij, J.C.M. and Hogeveen, H. (2016). Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Ethiopia: A retrospective analysis of district level outbreaks, 2007–2012. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63(6):e246-e259. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12338
Klein, S.L. and Flanagan, K.L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16(10):626-638. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.90.
Knight‐Jones, T.J., Robinson, L., Charleston, B., Rodriguez, L.L., Gay, C.G., Sumption, K.J. and Vosloo, W. (2016). Global foot‐and‐mouth disease research update and gap analysis: 1‐Overview of global status and research needs. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 63:3-13. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12528
Kubkomawa, H.I. (2017). Indigenous breeds of cattle, their productivity, economic and cultural values in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Int. J. Res. Stud. Agric. Sci., 3(1):27-43. DOI:
Longjam, N., Deb, R., Sarmah, A.K., Tayo, T., Awachat, V.B. and Saxena, V.K. (2011). A brief review on diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease of livestock: conventional to molecular tools. Vet. Med. Int., 2011. DOI: 10.4061/2011/905768
Megersa, B., Beyene, B., Abunna, F., Regassa, A., Amenu, K. and Rufael, T. (2009). Risk factors for foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in indigenous cattle in Southern Ethiopia: the effect of production system. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41:891-898. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9276-5
Mohamoud, A., Tessema, E. and Degefu, H. (2011). Seroprevalence of bovine foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Awbere and Babille districts of Jijiga zone, Somalia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(21):3559-3563. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.750
Mwai, O., Hanotte, O., Kwon, Y.J. and Cho, S. (2015). African indigenous cattle: unique genetic resources in a rapidly changing world. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 28(7):911. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0002R
Nawathe, D.R. and Goni, M. (1976). Foot and mouth disease in Nigeria. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 24(1):1-4.
Odetola, T. and Etumnu, C. (2013). Contribution of agriculture to economic growth in Nigeria. In Proc. 18th Annu. Conf. African Econometric Soc. (AES), Accra, Ghana, 22-1-28.
Olabode, O.H., Kazeem, H.M., Raji, M.A. and Ibrahim, N.D. (2013). Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease virus antibodies in trade cattle (Bos indicus) in Kwara state of Nigeria. Vet. World, 6(10).
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