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Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) has a worldwide distribution and affects domestic and wild birds, thus causing great economic losses to the poultry industry. This study was carried out to detect avian influenza virus H5 antibodies and nucleic acidin some wild birds [Laughing doves (Spilolepia senegalensis), Speckled pigeons (Columba guinea), Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Senegalese parrots (Poicephalussenegalus), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Geese (Anseranserini)] in Zaria and its environs, Kaduna State Nigeria. Sera were tested for avian influenza virus (AIV) H5 antibody using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of each bird species (8-10 samples) were tested for AIV nucleic acidusing one-stepreverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results revealed overall prevalence of 6.62% and 3.85% for AIV antibody and nucleic acid respectively. Based on species, AIV antibody was detected in laughing dove (10%), speckled pigeon (13.64%) and mallard (19.05%).Also, AIV antigen was detected in Senegalese parrot (20%).In conclusion, AIV antibody and antigen were detected in wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria. Thus, these species of birds could play significant roles in the spread of this virus to chickens. Therefore, measures to limit the interactions of these wild birds with chickens should be implemented to minimize the spread of AI.
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References
- Abad, F. X., Busquets, N., Sanchez, A., Ryan, P. G., Majo, N. and Gonzalez-Solis, J. (2013). Serological and virological surveys of the influenza A viruses in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic penguins. Antarctic Science, 25(2): 339-344.
- Adamu, H. U., Balami, A. G. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Avian influenza, Gumboro and Newcastle disease antibodies and antigens in apparently healthy wild birds in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Nigeria Vet. J., 38(1): 69-77.
- Ahmed, B. M., El-Shazly, M. M., El-Sanousi, A. A. and Youssef, Y. I. (2017). Isolation of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) near affected broiler chicken flocks in Egypt. J. Virological Science, 2: 62-70.
- Akanbi, O. B., Ekong, P. S., Odita, C. I. and Taiwo, V. O. (2016). The effect of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks on mixed species poultry farms in Nigeria. J. World Poultry Res., 6(3): 147-152.
- Alexander, D. J. (2000). A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet. Microbiol., 74(1-2): 3-13.
- Ameji, N. O., Sa'idu, L. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Detection of avian influenza antibodies and antigens in poultry and some wild birds in Kogi State, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sciences, 15(3): 62-68.
- Ansari, W. K., Parvej, M. S., El-Zowalaty, M. E., Jackson, S., Bustin, S. A., et al., (2016). Surveillance, epidemiological and virological detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in duck and poultry from Bangladesh. Vet. Microbiol., 193: 49-59.
- Bennette, S., Woods, T., Liyanage, W. M. and Smith, D. L. (1991). A simplified general method for cluster sampling surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Statistician Quarterly, 44: 98-106.
- Bowes, V. A., Ritchie, S. J., Byrne, S., Sojonky, K., Bidulka, J. J. and Robinson, J. H. (2004). Virus characterization, clinical presentation, and pathology associated with H7N3 avian influenza in British Columbia broiler breeder chickens in 2004. Avian Dis., 48(4): 928-934.
- Capua, I. and Marangon, S. (2006). Control of avian influenza in poultry. Emerg. Infectious Dis., 12(9): 1319-1324.
- De Benedictis, P., Joannis, T., Lombin, L. H., Shittu, I., Beato, M. S., et al., (2007).Field and laboratory findings of the first incursion of the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Africa. Avian Pathol., 36: 115-117.
- Fagbohun, O. A., Owoade, A. A., Oluwayelu, D. O. and Olayemi, F. O. (2000). Serological survey of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in Cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves. African J. Biomed. Res., 3(3): 191-192.
- Feldmann, A., Schafer, M. K. H., Garten, W. and Klenk, H. (2000). Targeted infection of endothelial cells by avian influenza virus A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1) in chicken embryos. J. Virol., 74(17): 8018-8027.
- Joannis, T., Lombin, L. H., De Benedictis, P., Cattoli, G. and Capua, I. (2006). Confirmation of H5N1 avian influenza in Africa. The Vet. Rec., 158: 309-310.
- Kilpatrick, A. M., Chmura, A. A., Gibbons, D. W., Fleischer, R. C., Marra, P. P. and Daszak, P. (2006). Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103: 19368-19373.
- Kirunda, H., Erima, B., Tumushabe, A., Kiconco, J., Tugume, T., et al., (2014). Prevalence of influenza A viruses in livestock and free-living waterfowl in Uganda. Biomed Central Vet. Res., 10(50): 1-9.
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- Musa, W. I., Abdullahi, B. Y., Lawal, S., Bello, M. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Detection of antibodies to avian influenza, infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease viruses in wild birds in three states of Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sciencs, 15: 28-35.
- Nguyen, D. C., Uyeki, T. M., Jadhao, S., Maines, T., Shaw, M., et al., (2005). Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live bird markets inHanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. J. Virol., 79(7): 4201-4212.
- OIE. (2015). Avian influenza. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 5th ed. Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France. pp. 270-282.
- Olsen, B., Munster, V. J., Wallensten, A., Waldenström, J., Osterhaus, A. D. and Fouchier, R. A. (2006). Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science, 312: 384-388.
- Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., Stephens, C. B., Bertran, K., Swayne, D. E. and Spackman, E. (2017). The pathogenesis of H7N8 low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the United States 2016 outbreak in chickens, turkeys and mallards. PLoS ONE, 12(5): 1-21.
- Rebel, J. M., Peeters, M., Fijten, H., Post, J., Cornelissen, J. and Vervelde, L. (2011). Highly pathogenic or low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N1 infection in chicken lungs: Small differences in general acute responses. Vet. Res., 42: 10-16.
- Spackman, E., Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., Kapczynski, D. R., Swayne, D. E. and Suarez, D. L. (2016). H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the US 2014–2015out break have an unusually long pre-clinical period in turkeys. BMC Vet. Res., 12(1): 260.
- Spackman, E., Senne, D. A., Myers, T. J., Bulaga, L. L., Garber, L. P., et al., (2002). Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40: 3256-3260.
- Stallknecht, D. E. and Brown, J. D. (2007). Wild birds and the epidemiology of avian influenza. J. Wildl. Dis., 43: S15-S20.
- Swayne, D. E., Suarez, D. L. and Sims, L. D. (2013). Influenza. In: Swayne D (ed). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed. Blackwell Publisher, Ames, IA, Pp. 181-218.
- Vincent, M., Xiaoyan, Z., Edith, M., Beibei, J., Guo, F., et al., (2011). Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.007
- Webster, R. G., Bean, W. J., Gorman, O. T., Chambers, T. M. and Kawaoka, Y. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev., 56(1): 152-179.
- Wood, G. W., Banks, J., Strong, I., Parsons, G. and Alexander, D. J. (1996). An avian influenza virus of H10 subtype that is highly pathogenic for chickens but lacks multiple basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. Avian Pathol., 25: 799-806.
- Yu, Y., Kikuyasu, N., Masatoshi, O., Manabu, Y. and Masaji, M. (2008). Avian influenza virus (H5N1) replication in feathers of domestic waterfowl. Emerg. Infectious Dis., 14(1): 1-9.
- Zanella, A., Dall’Ara, P. and Martino, P. A. (2001). Avian influenza epidemic in Italy due to serovar H7N1. Avian Dis., 45(1): 257-261.
References
Abad, F. X., Busquets, N., Sanchez, A., Ryan, P. G., Majo, N. and Gonzalez-Solis, J. (2013). Serological and virological surveys of the influenza A viruses in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic penguins. Antarctic Science, 25(2): 339-344.
Adamu, H. U., Balami, A. G. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Avian influenza, Gumboro and Newcastle disease antibodies and antigens in apparently healthy wild birds in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Nigeria Vet. J., 38(1): 69-77.
Ahmed, B. M., El-Shazly, M. M., El-Sanousi, A. A. and Youssef, Y. I. (2017). Isolation of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) near affected broiler chicken flocks in Egypt. J. Virological Science, 2: 62-70.
Akanbi, O. B., Ekong, P. S., Odita, C. I. and Taiwo, V. O. (2016). The effect of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks on mixed species poultry farms in Nigeria. J. World Poultry Res., 6(3): 147-152.
Alexander, D. J. (2000). A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet. Microbiol., 74(1-2): 3-13.
Ameji, N. O., Sa'idu, L. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Detection of avian influenza antibodies and antigens in poultry and some wild birds in Kogi State, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sciences, 15(3): 62-68.
Ansari, W. K., Parvej, M. S., El-Zowalaty, M. E., Jackson, S., Bustin, S. A., et al., (2016). Surveillance, epidemiological and virological detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in duck and poultry from Bangladesh. Vet. Microbiol., 193: 49-59.
Bennette, S., Woods, T., Liyanage, W. M. and Smith, D. L. (1991). A simplified general method for cluster sampling surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Statistician Quarterly, 44: 98-106.
Bowes, V. A., Ritchie, S. J., Byrne, S., Sojonky, K., Bidulka, J. J. and Robinson, J. H. (2004). Virus characterization, clinical presentation, and pathology associated with H7N3 avian influenza in British Columbia broiler breeder chickens in 2004. Avian Dis., 48(4): 928-934.
Capua, I. and Marangon, S. (2006). Control of avian influenza in poultry. Emerg. Infectious Dis., 12(9): 1319-1324.
De Benedictis, P., Joannis, T., Lombin, L. H., Shittu, I., Beato, M. S., et al., (2007).Field and laboratory findings of the first incursion of the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Africa. Avian Pathol., 36: 115-117.
Fagbohun, O. A., Owoade, A. A., Oluwayelu, D. O. and Olayemi, F. O. (2000). Serological survey of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in Cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves. African J. Biomed. Res., 3(3): 191-192.
Feldmann, A., Schafer, M. K. H., Garten, W. and Klenk, H. (2000). Targeted infection of endothelial cells by avian influenza virus A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1) in chicken embryos. J. Virol., 74(17): 8018-8027.
Joannis, T., Lombin, L. H., De Benedictis, P., Cattoli, G. and Capua, I. (2006). Confirmation of H5N1 avian influenza in Africa. The Vet. Rec., 158: 309-310.
Kilpatrick, A. M., Chmura, A. A., Gibbons, D. W., Fleischer, R. C., Marra, P. P. and Daszak, P. (2006). Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103: 19368-19373.
Kirunda, H., Erima, B., Tumushabe, A., Kiconco, J., Tugume, T., et al., (2014). Prevalence of influenza A viruses in livestock and free-living waterfowl in Uganda. Biomed Central Vet. Res., 10(50): 1-9.
Mohammed, Y. Z., Abdul-Dahiru, E., Yasheruram, M. S., Meshach, M. M., Mustapha, B. A., et al., (2017). Serological detection of avian influenza virus (H5N2) antibody among domestic avian species in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. Int. J. Advance Agric. Res., 5: 23-33.
Musa, W. I., Abdullahi, B. Y., Lawal, S., Bello, M. and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Detection of antibodies to avian influenza, infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease viruses in wild birds in three states of Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sciencs, 15: 28-35.
Nguyen, D. C., Uyeki, T. M., Jadhao, S., Maines, T., Shaw, M., et al., (2005). Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live bird markets inHanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. J. Virol., 79(7): 4201-4212.
OIE. (2015). Avian influenza. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 5th ed. Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France. pp. 270-282.
Olsen, B., Munster, V. J., Wallensten, A., Waldenström, J., Osterhaus, A. D. and Fouchier, R. A. (2006). Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science, 312: 384-388.
Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., Stephens, C. B., Bertran, K., Swayne, D. E. and Spackman, E. (2017). The pathogenesis of H7N8 low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the United States 2016 outbreak in chickens, turkeys and mallards. PLoS ONE, 12(5): 1-21.
Rebel, J. M., Peeters, M., Fijten, H., Post, J., Cornelissen, J. and Vervelde, L. (2011). Highly pathogenic or low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N1 infection in chicken lungs: Small differences in general acute responses. Vet. Res., 42: 10-16.
Spackman, E., Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., Kapczynski, D. R., Swayne, D. E. and Suarez, D. L. (2016). H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the US 2014–2015out break have an unusually long pre-clinical period in turkeys. BMC Vet. Res., 12(1): 260.
Spackman, E., Senne, D. A., Myers, T. J., Bulaga, L. L., Garber, L. P., et al., (2002). Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40: 3256-3260.
Stallknecht, D. E. and Brown, J. D. (2007). Wild birds and the epidemiology of avian influenza. J. Wildl. Dis., 43: S15-S20.
Swayne, D. E., Suarez, D. L. and Sims, L. D. (2013). Influenza. In: Swayne D (ed). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed. Blackwell Publisher, Ames, IA, Pp. 181-218.
Vincent, M., Xiaoyan, Z., Edith, M., Beibei, J., Guo, F., et al., (2011). Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.007
Webster, R. G., Bean, W. J., Gorman, O. T., Chambers, T. M. and Kawaoka, Y. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev., 56(1): 152-179.
Wood, G. W., Banks, J., Strong, I., Parsons, G. and Alexander, D. J. (1996). An avian influenza virus of H10 subtype that is highly pathogenic for chickens but lacks multiple basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. Avian Pathol., 25: 799-806.
Yu, Y., Kikuyasu, N., Masatoshi, O., Manabu, Y. and Masaji, M. (2008). Avian influenza virus (H5N1) replication in feathers of domestic waterfowl. Emerg. Infectious Dis., 14(1): 1-9.
Zanella, A., Dall’Ara, P. and Martino, P. A. (2001). Avian influenza epidemic in Italy due to serovar H7N1. Avian Dis., 45(1): 257-261.