Main Article Content

Abstract

Staphylococcal infections and salmonellosis are important food-borne diseases affecting both humans and animals, and the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria to humans through the consumption of animal food products remains a challenge. To determine the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in fresh milk and milk products sold in Zaria and environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria, ninety samples were purchased comprising of 49 pasteurized milk, 20 ghee (Clarified butter) and 21 fresh milk samples in Zaria. The Samples were pre-enriched before plating on a suitable selective media. Biochemical and Sugar fermentation tests were used to detect S. aureus and Salmonella isolates; also, antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on positive isolates. The overall prevalence of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. in fresh milk and milk products (pasteurized milk and ghee) were 31.1% (28/90) and 6.7% (6/90), respectively. Higher prevalence of S. aureus was found in fresh milk (38.1%) than in ghee (35%) and pasteurized milk (26.5%). Also, a higher prevalence of Salmonella organism was found in fresh milk (9.5%) than in pasteurized milk (6.1%) and ghee (5%). Positive iso­lates of S. aureus showed the highest percentage of antibiotic resistance to oxacillin (100%), then tetracycline (64%) and vancomycin (57.1%), while positive iso­lates of Salmonella showed oxacillin (100%) and vancomycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (33.3%). Most of the isolates displayed resistance to more than three (3) different classes of antimicrobials, indicating multi-drug resistance. Therefore, there is a need for education and public awareness regarding hygienic processing, handling and storage of fresh milk and milk products; thus, the abuse and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals should be discouraged.

Keywords

Antimicrobials; Ghee; Fresh milk; Salmonellosis; Staphylococcal infections‎

Article Details

How to Cite
Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus ‎aureus and Salmonella species in Fresh Milk and Milk Products Sold in Zaria ‎and Environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria. (2021). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 18(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v18i2.193

How to Cite

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus ‎aureus and Salmonella species in Fresh Milk and Milk Products Sold in Zaria ‎and Environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria. (2021). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 18(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v18i2.193

References

  1. Abera, M., Demiel, B., Aragaw, K., Regassa, F. and Regassa, ‎A (2010). Isolation and identification of ‎Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis milk ‎and their drug resistance pat¬tern in Adama town, ‎Ethiopia.Journal of Veterinary Medicine and ‎Animal Health, 3:29-34. ‎
  2. Acha, P.N. and Szyfres, B. (2003). Zoonoses and ‎communicable diseases common to Man and ‎Animals 3rd edition, Vol.1, published by Pan ‎American Health Organization, Pp. 233-234.‎
  3. Adesiyun, A.A., Webb, L.A., and Romain, H.T. (1998). ‎Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus ‎aureus strains isolated from bulk and composite ‎milk and cattle handlers. Journal of Food ‎Protection 61:629–632.‎
  4. Akinyemi, K.O., Bamiro, B.S. and Coker, A.O. (2007). ‎Salmonellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: incidence of ‎Plasmodium falciparum-associated co-infection, ‎patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and the ‎emergence of reduced susceptibility to ‎fluoroquinolones.Journal of Health Population ‎and Nutrition., 25(3): 351.‎
  5. Akram, N., Chaudhary, A.H., Ahmed, S., Ghuma, M.A., ‎Nawaz, G. and Hussain, S. (2013). Isolation of ‎bacteria from mastitis affected bovine milk and ‎their antibiogram. European Journal of ‎Veterinary Medicine, 2(1): 38-46.‎
  6. André, M.C.D., Campos, M.R.H., Borges, L.J., Kipnis, A., ‎Pimenta, F.C. and Serafini, A. B. (2008). ‎Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates ‎from food handlers, raw bovine milk and minas ‎frescal cheese by antibiogram and pulsed-field gel ‎electrophoresis following Small digestion. Food ‎Control, 19: 200-207.‎
  7. Anueyiagu, K.N. and Isiyaku, A.W. (2015). Isolation and ‎identification of Staphylococcus aureus from ‎bovine milk and its antibiotic susceptibility. ‎International Journal of Livestock Production., ‎‎6(6): 74-77‎
  8. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011). ‎Surveillance System Overview: National ‎Salmonella Surveillance, Pp. 1-12.‎
  9. Chen, H.M., Wang, Y., Su, L.H. and Chiu, C.S. (2013). Non-‎typhoid Salmonella Infection: Microbiology, ‎clinical features, and antimicrobial ‎therapy.Journal of Pediatric Neonatal and ‎Individual. Medicine., 54: 147-152.‎
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2016): ‎Performance standards for antimicrobial ‎susceptibility testing; Twenty-sixth informational ‎supplement. CLSI document M100-S26. Wayne, ‎PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.‎
  11. Daka, D., Solomon, G. and Dawit, Y. (2012). Antibiotic-‎resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ‎cow’s milk in the Hawassa area, South ‎Ethiopia.Annals of Clinical Microbiology and ‎Antimicrobials., 11:26-32.‎
  12. Fagundes, H., Barchesi, L., Filho, A.N., Ferreira, L.N. and ‎Oliveira, C.A.F. (2010). Occurrence of ‎Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk produced in ‎dairy farms in São Paulo state, Brazil. ‎BrazilianJournalof Microbiology., 41 (2): 376–‎‎380.‎
  13. Feng, Y., Chen, C.J., Su, L-H., Hu, S., Yu, J. and Chiu, C-H. ‎‎(2008). Evolution and pathogenesis of ‎Stapphylococcus aureus: lessons learned from ‎genotyping and comparative genomics.FEMS ‎Microbiology Letters, 32: 23-37.‎
  14. Kaduna State Government (2019). Alias: Centre of ‎Education. Retrieved from http://www.kdsg.gov.ng.‎
  15. Karshima, N.S., Pam, V.A., Bata, S.I., Dung, P.A. and ‎Paman, N.D. (2013). Isolation of Salmonella ‎species from Milk and Locally Processed Milk ‎Products Traded for Human Consumption and ‎Associated Risk factors in Kanam, Plateau State, ‎Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ‎Advances, 3 (3): 69.‎
  16. Lawan, M.K., Abdulsalawu, F.O., Suleiman, A., Aluwong, T ‎and Yaqub, L.S. (2012). Microbial assessment of ‎bulk of milk before and after pasteurization in ‎two different Dairy Farms in Zaria, ‎Nigeria.International Journal of Dairy Science, 7 ‎‎(4): 103-108.‎
  17. Majowicz, S.E., Musto, J., Scallan, E., Angulo, F.J., Kirk, M., ‎O'Brien, S.J., Jones, T.F., Fazil, A. and Hoekstra, ‎R.M. (2010). The global burden of non-typhoidal ‎Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clinical Infectious ‎Diseases., 50(6): 882-9. ‎
  18. Marshall, B.M. and Levy, S.B. (2011). Food animals and ‎antimicro¬bials: Impacts on human ‎health.Clinical Microbiology Review., 24:718-‎‎33. ‎
  19. Mdegela, R.H., Kusiluka, L.J., Kapaga, A.M., Karimuribo, ‎E.D., Turuka, F.M., Bundala, A. ‎‎(2004).Prevalence and determi¬nants of mastitis ‎and milk-borne zoonoses in small holder dairy ‎farming sector in Kibaha and Morogoro districts ‎in Eastern Tanzania. Journal of Veterinary ‎Medicine Series B, 51 (3):123-8. ‎
  20. Mhone, T.A., Matope, G. and Saidi, P.T. (2012). Detection ‎of Salmonella spp., Candida albicans, ‎Aspergillus spp., and Antimicrobial Residues in ‎Raw and Processed Cow Milk from Selected ‎Smallholder Farms of Zimbabwe.Veterinary ‎Medicine International2012(3): 301902‎
  21. Nazari, R., Godarzi, H., Baghi, F.R., and Moeinrad, M. ‎‎(2014). Enterotoxin gene profiles among ‎Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw ‎milk.Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research., ‎‎15(4): 409-412.‎
  22. Okpo, N.O., Abdullahi, I.O., Whong, C.M.Z. and Ameh, J.B. ‎‎(2016). Occurrence and antibiogram of ‎Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products ‎consumed in parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. ‎Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, ‎‎9(2): 225-229.‎
  23. Olatoye, I.O. (2010). The incidence and antibiotics ‎susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from ‎beef in Ibadan Municipal, Nigeria. African ‎Journal of Biotechnology, 9(8): 1196- 1199.‎
  24. Ponce, E., Khan, A. A., Cheng, C.M., Summage-West, C. ‎and Cerniglia, C.E., (2008). Prevalence and ‎characterization of Salmonella enteric serovar ‎Weltevreden from imported seafood. ‎‎International Journal of Food Microbiology, 25: ‎‎29-35.‎
  25. Rasigade, J.P., Vandenesch, F. (2014). Staphylococcus ‎aureus: a pathogen with still unresolved issues. ‎Infection Genetics and Evolution, 21: 510-4.‎
  26. Shryock, T. R. and Richwine, A. (2010). The interface ‎between vet¬erinary and human antibiotic use. ‎Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences., ‎‎1213: 92-105. ‎
  27. Spanu, V., Spanu, C., Virdis, S., Cossu, F., Scarano, C., De ‎Santis E., et al. (2012).Virulence factors and ‎genetic variability of Staphylococcus aureus ‎strains isolated from raw sheep’s milk cheese. ‎International Journal of Food Microbiology., ‎‎153: 53-7. ‎
  28. Thaker, H.C., Brahmbhatt, M.N. and Nayak, J.B. (2013). ‎Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus ‎aureus from milk and milk products and their ‎drug resistance patterns in Anand, Gujarat. ‎Veterinary World, 1:10-3.‎
  29. Umaru, G.A., Kabir, J., Umoh, V.J., Bello, M. and Kwaga, ‎J.K.P. (2012). Prevalence and Antibiogram of ‎coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from ‎fresh and fermented milk In Zaria and Kaduna, ‎Nigerian Journal of Veterinary and Applied Sciences., 2: 1-7.‎
  30. Umaru, G.A., Kabir, J., Umoh, V.J., Bello, M. and Kwaga, ‎J.K.P. (2013). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus ‎aureus (MRSA) in fresh and fermented milk in ‎Zaria and Kaduna, Nigeria. International Journal ‎of Drug Research and Technology, 3(3): 67-75.‎
  31. Umaru, G.A., Kwaga, J.K.P., Bello, M., Raji, M.A. and ‎Maitala, Y.S. (2016). Antibiotic resistance of ‎Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Fresh cow ‎milk in settled fulani herds in Kaduna state, ‎Nigeria.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production ‎in Africa., 64: 173-182.‎
  32. Usman, R.Z. and Mustapha, B.M. (2016). Isolation and ‎identification of methicillin-resistant ‎Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from ‎traditionally fermented milk ‘nono’ and yoghurt ‎in Kaduna metropolis. Food Science and Quality ‎Management, 2(2): 1- 21.‎
  33. Waters, A.E., Contente-Cuomo, T., Buchhagen, J., Liu, ‎C.M., Watson, L., Pearce, K., et al. (2011). ‎Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US ‎meat and poultry.Clinical Infectious ‎Diseases.,52: 1227-30. ‎
  34. Yakubu, A., Abdullahi, I.O., Whong, C.Z. and Olayinka, B. ‎‎(2020). Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility ‎profile of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and ‎milk products in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Sokoto ‎Journal of Veterinary Science., 18(1): 1- 12.‎
  35. Zhao, S., White, D.G., Ge, B., Ayers, S., Friedman, S., ‎English, L., Wagner, D., Gaines, S. and Meng, J. ‎‎(2001). Identification and characterization of ‎integron- mediated antibiotic resistance among ‎shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli isolates. ‎Journal of Applied and Environmental ‎Microbiology, 67(4): 1558- 1564.‎