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Abstract
The study evaluated open spermatic cord ligation as an alternative method of castration in dogs. Three Nigerian indigenous puppies were randomly selected (identified as SL1, SL2 and SL3) and used for the study. They underwent the same surgical procedure. Blood samples of the experimental puppies were taken daily for 3 days, pre-surgery. Additional blood sampling was at 24 hrs post-surgery, and, subsequently at 48 hrs interval for 3, 2, and 1 week(s) in SL1, SL2, SL3 respectively. Sera samples were harvested from the blood samples. At weeks 3, 2 and 1, the testicles of the puppies were harvested for macroscopic and microscopic evaluations. The puppies were physically examined daily throughout the study period. Serum testosterone concentration of the puppies was determined using ELISA kit. The pre-surgical values ranged from 0.1ng/mL-0.5ng/mL before the surgery and declined to 0ng/mL 24 hrs post-surgery. Gross appearance of the testicles showed atrophy of the testicles. Testicular histopathology showed distortion of germ and supporting cells due to ischaemic necrosis, which was more evident in SL1 followed by SL2, and then SL3. It was concluded from this study that the procedure was effective, minimally invasive, simple and fast.
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References
- Abd El- Wahed, R.E., Korittum, A.S., Abu-Ahmed, H.M., and Sahwan, A.A.S. (2014). Evaluation of pinhole castration technique compared with traditional method for castration in dogs. Alex. J. of Vet. Sci., 42: 90-98.
- Abu-Ahmed, H.M., El-Kammar, M.H., EL-Neweshy, M.S., and Abdel- Wahed, R.E. (2012). Comparative evaluation of three in-situ castration techniques for sterilizing donkeys. Incision-ligation (a novel technique), section-ligation release, and pinhole. JEVS., 32 (11): 711-718. DOI:10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.016
- Ajadi, T.A. and Gazal, O.S. (2016). Effect of Surgical and Immunological Castration on Haematological Variables, Reproductive Hormones and Ejaculate Characteristics inMongrel Dogs. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci., 31(1): 37-42.
- Awal, M., Rahman, M.M., Das, S.K., Sidiki, N.H., Kuromaru, M., Bibin, B.A. and Hayashi, Y. (2004). Formalin affects the male reproduction of black Bengal goats during prepubertal stage even at low concentration: An in vivo study. J. Med Sci.,4 (1): 84-89. Doi: 10.3923/jms.2004.84.89
- Baba, M.A., Fazili, M.R., Athar, H., Mir, M.S., Moulvi, B.A. and Khan, I. (2013). Pinhole castration technique, an alternative to orchiectomy in stray dogs. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 137 (1-2): 113-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.11.015
- Bergh, A., Collin, O. and Lissbrant., E. (2001). Effects of acute graded reduction in testicular blood flow on testicular morphology in adult rats. Biol. Reprod., 64 (1):13-20. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.13
- Bushby, P.A. and Griffin, B. (2011). An overview of pediatric spay and neuter benefits and techniques. Vet. Med., 106, 83-89.
- Dixit, V.P. (1977). Histological and biochemical changes produced in the dog testis after vascular occlusion. Indian J. Med. Res. 65, 76–81.
- Fazili, M.R. Bhattacharyya, H. K. Buchoo, B. A. Kirmani, M. A. Darzi, M. M. and Khan, I. (2009). Evaluation of pinhole castration technique in rams. Small Rumin. Res. 84, 61–64. Doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.06.004
- Jana, K. and Samanta, P. K. (2007) Sterilization of male stray dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose-dependent study. Contraception, 75(5), 390-400. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.022
- Hassan, A. Z. and Hassan, F. B. (2003). Testicular and scrotal surgeries in Introduction to Veterinary Practice. Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited, pp287-290.
- Höglund, O.V., Ingman, J., Södersten, F., Hansson, K., Borg, N. and Lagerstedt, A. (2014). Ligation of the spermatic cord in dogs with a self-locking device of a resorbable polyglycolic based co polymer—feasibility and long-term follow-up study. BMC Res. Notes., 7:825. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-825
- Kim, H.H., Yeon, S.C., Houpt, K.A., Lee, H.C., Chang, H.H. and Lee, H.J. (2006). Effect of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German shepherd dogs. Vet. J., 172(1):154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.028
- Neilson, J., Eckestein, R. and Hart, B. (1997). Effects of castration on Problem Behaviours in Male Dogs with reference to age and Duration of Behaviors. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,211(2): 180-182
- Okwee-Acai, J, Acon, J., Okello-Owiny, D., Agwai, B. and Oloya, J. (2008). Evaluation of pinhole castration as an alternative technique for goat sterilization. Bull. Anim. Health. Prod. Afr, 56(4):299-306. OI:10.4314/bahpa.v56i4.43301
- Okwee-Acai, J., Akunu, B., Agwai, B., Ekakoro, E., Sajjakambwe, P. and Acon. J. (2012). An evaluation of stress responses, simplicity and cost of pinhole castration as an alternative technique for male dog sterilization. ROAVS, 2(1): 55-59.
- Ortega-Pacheco, A., (2006). Reproduction of dogs in the tropics. PhD Thesis, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Pp 1- 50.
- Polisca. A., Orlandi, R., Troisi, A., Brecchia, G., Zerani, M., Boiti, C. and Zelli, R. (2013). Clinical Efficacy of GnRH Agonist (Deslorelin) in Dogs Affected by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Evaluation of Prostatic Blood Flow by Doppler Ultrasound. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 48 (4): 673-80. doi: 10.1111/rda.12143
- Ponvijay, K.S., (2007). Pinhole Castration: A novel minimally invasive technique for in situ spermatic cord ligation. Vet. Surg., 36 (1): 74-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1532950X.2007.00238.x.
- Slauson, D.O. and Cooper, B.J. (2002). Mechanism of Disease: A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology, third edition. Mosby, St. Louis, M.O. Pp.120-124
- Turner, T.T. and Brown, K.J. (1993). Spermatic cord torsion: loss of spermatogenesis despite return of blood flow. Biol. Reprod., 49 (2): 401-407. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod49.2.401
References
Abd El- Wahed, R.E., Korittum, A.S., Abu-Ahmed, H.M., and Sahwan, A.A.S. (2014). Evaluation of pinhole castration technique compared with traditional method for castration in dogs. Alex. J. of Vet. Sci., 42: 90-98.
Abu-Ahmed, H.M., El-Kammar, M.H., EL-Neweshy, M.S., and Abdel- Wahed, R.E. (2012). Comparative evaluation of three in-situ castration techniques for sterilizing donkeys. Incision-ligation (a novel technique), section-ligation release, and pinhole. JEVS., 32 (11): 711-718. DOI:10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.016
Ajadi, T.A. and Gazal, O.S. (2016). Effect of Surgical and Immunological Castration on Haematological Variables, Reproductive Hormones and Ejaculate Characteristics inMongrel Dogs. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci., 31(1): 37-42.
Awal, M., Rahman, M.M., Das, S.K., Sidiki, N.H., Kuromaru, M., Bibin, B.A. and Hayashi, Y. (2004). Formalin affects the male reproduction of black Bengal goats during prepubertal stage even at low concentration: An in vivo study. J. Med Sci.,4 (1): 84-89. Doi: 10.3923/jms.2004.84.89
Baba, M.A., Fazili, M.R., Athar, H., Mir, M.S., Moulvi, B.A. and Khan, I. (2013). Pinhole castration technique, an alternative to orchiectomy in stray dogs. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 137 (1-2): 113-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.11.015
Bergh, A., Collin, O. and Lissbrant., E. (2001). Effects of acute graded reduction in testicular blood flow on testicular morphology in adult rats. Biol. Reprod., 64 (1):13-20. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.13
Bushby, P.A. and Griffin, B. (2011). An overview of pediatric spay and neuter benefits and techniques. Vet. Med., 106, 83-89.
Dixit, V.P. (1977). Histological and biochemical changes produced in the dog testis after vascular occlusion. Indian J. Med. Res. 65, 76–81.
Fazili, M.R. Bhattacharyya, H. K. Buchoo, B. A. Kirmani, M. A. Darzi, M. M. and Khan, I. (2009). Evaluation of pinhole castration technique in rams. Small Rumin. Res. 84, 61–64. Doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.06.004
Jana, K. and Samanta, P. K. (2007) Sterilization of male stray dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose-dependent study. Contraception, 75(5), 390-400. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.022
Hassan, A. Z. and Hassan, F. B. (2003). Testicular and scrotal surgeries in Introduction to Veterinary Practice. Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited, pp287-290.
Höglund, O.V., Ingman, J., Södersten, F., Hansson, K., Borg, N. and Lagerstedt, A. (2014). Ligation of the spermatic cord in dogs with a self-locking device of a resorbable polyglycolic based co polymer—feasibility and long-term follow-up study. BMC Res. Notes., 7:825. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-825
Kim, H.H., Yeon, S.C., Houpt, K.A., Lee, H.C., Chang, H.H. and Lee, H.J. (2006). Effect of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German shepherd dogs. Vet. J., 172(1):154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.028
Neilson, J., Eckestein, R. and Hart, B. (1997). Effects of castration on Problem Behaviours in Male Dogs with reference to age and Duration of Behaviors. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,211(2): 180-182
Okwee-Acai, J, Acon, J., Okello-Owiny, D., Agwai, B. and Oloya, J. (2008). Evaluation of pinhole castration as an alternative technique for goat sterilization. Bull. Anim. Health. Prod. Afr, 56(4):299-306. OI:10.4314/bahpa.v56i4.43301
Okwee-Acai, J., Akunu, B., Agwai, B., Ekakoro, E., Sajjakambwe, P. and Acon. J. (2012). An evaluation of stress responses, simplicity and cost of pinhole castration as an alternative technique for male dog sterilization. ROAVS, 2(1): 55-59.
Ortega-Pacheco, A., (2006). Reproduction of dogs in the tropics. PhD Thesis, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Pp 1- 50.
Polisca. A., Orlandi, R., Troisi, A., Brecchia, G., Zerani, M., Boiti, C. and Zelli, R. (2013). Clinical Efficacy of GnRH Agonist (Deslorelin) in Dogs Affected by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Evaluation of Prostatic Blood Flow by Doppler Ultrasound. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 48 (4): 673-80. doi: 10.1111/rda.12143
Ponvijay, K.S., (2007). Pinhole Castration: A novel minimally invasive technique for in situ spermatic cord ligation. Vet. Surg., 36 (1): 74-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1532950X.2007.00238.x.
Slauson, D.O. and Cooper, B.J. (2002). Mechanism of Disease: A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology, third edition. Mosby, St. Louis, M.O. Pp.120-124
Turner, T.T. and Brown, K.J. (1993). Spermatic cord torsion: loss of spermatogenesis despite return of blood flow. Biol. Reprod., 49 (2): 401-407. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod49.2.401