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Abstract
The diurnal African Striped Ground Squirrel (ASGS) (Xerus erythropus), is a member of the rodent order Rodentia and family Sciuridae. Similar to most other vertebrates, the olfactory bulbs (OB) are located most rostrally in the brain and are an integral component of the brain circuitry system responsible for the sense of smell. In this work, the layers and anatomical characteristics of OB in the ASGS were examined. Six (6) adult ASGS were sourced from villages within Zaria Local Government. They were housed in standard laboratory cages and fed with corn and carrot. Water was given ad libitum. The squirrels were euthanized via the abdomen with an injection of ketamine HCL (80mg/kg BW), followed by transcardial perfusion with10% buffered formalin. Craniotomy was carried out to expose the entire brain and the OB was carefully harvested for histological evaluation. Six layers were visible in the olfactory bulb cortex, working their way inward from the outside in. The cells observed were mitral cells, peri-glomerular, granular, and tufted cells. Interestingly, the glomerular layer was observed to be a single layer cell type which is indicative of a good olfactory acuity. It was concluded that African Striped ground squirrel’s one-layered cell thick glomerular layer is indicative of good olfaction and sense of smell giving the ASGS an advantage for navigation in search for food and protection from predation.
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References
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- Adeola, M. O. and Decker, E. (1986). Wildlife utilization in rural Nigeria. In Clers, B.D. (edition) Proceedings of the International symposium and conference on wildlife management inn Sub-Sahara Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, pp 512-521
- Ajayi, S. S. (1979). Utilization of Forest WildLife in West Africa. Misc/79/26. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Pp 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816962-9.00013-2
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- Amir, A. and John, M. (2006). Anatomy of Olfaction system. Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, St Johns’s Health centre, Santa Monica, CA. Medicine, Section 1-10
- Bukar, P. (2015). Anatomical comparison between the olfactory bulb of Africa giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, waterhouse) and Wistar rat. M.sc submission at the department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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- Drury, R.A.B. (1980). Carlton’s histological techniques. Oxford University Press U.S.A. Pp. 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.31049
- Fletcher, W. (2006). Brain Gross Anatomy from the lab manual for CVM 6120 In: Veterinary Neurology, Supported by University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Minnesota press Pp. 1-25
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- Joanna, M.E., Nathan, J.C. and Nicola, S. (2005). Cache protection strategies by western scrub-jays, Aphelocoma californica: implications for social cognition. Animal Behaviours, 70(6):1251-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.009
- Kiernan, J.A. (2007). Histochemistry of staining methods for normal and degenerating myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Journal of Histotechnology, 30(2):87-106. https://doi.org/10.1179/his.2007.30.2.87
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- Moore, K. L. and Persaud, T.V.N. (2003). The Developing Human (Clinically Oriented Embryology), 8th Edition. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphis, PA. USA, Pp. 380-392.
- Mori, K., Takahashi, Y.K., Igarashi, K.M. and Yamaguchi, M. (2006). Maps of odorant molecular features in the Mammalian olfactory bulb. Physiology Review, 86(2): 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2005
- Ngwenya, A., Patzke, N., Ihunwo, A.O. and Manger, P.R. (2011) Organization and chemical neuroanatomy of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Olfactory bulb. Brain Structure and Function 216:403-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0316-y
- Nzalak, J.O., Ayo, J.O., Neils, J.S., Okpara, J.O. and Onyeanusi, B.I. (2005). Morphometric studies of the cerebellum and forebrain of the Africa giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, waterhouse). Tropical Veterinarian, 23:87-92
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- Olude, M.A; Ogunbunmi, T.K; Olopade, J.O and Ihunwo, A.O. (2014). The olfactory bulb structure of African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse 1840) I: cytoarchitecture. Anatomical Science International.1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-014-0227-0
- Paxinos, G and Watson, C. (1998). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. New York, Academic Press. Pp 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-547620-1.50003-5
- Ramaswamy, S. (1978) Removal of the brain, A new procedure. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology,82:105 110.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00317957
- Shipley, M., Ennis, M. and Puche, A. (2004). Olfactory system. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. 3rd ed. CA: Elsevier Academic Press, USA, Pp 923–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012547638-6/50030-4
- Shoshani, J., Kpsky, W.J. and Marchant, G.H. (2006). Elephant brain. Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy and evolution. Brain Research Bulletin, 70: 124-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016
- Smitka M, Abomaali N. and Witt, M. (2009). Olfactory bulb ventricles as a frequent finding in magnetic resonance imagery studies of the olfactory system. Neuroscience 162:482-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.058
- Thorington, R. and Hoffmann, R. (2005). Family Sciuridae. Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. John Hopkins University press, Baltimore, UK. P754-818.
- Wei, Q., Zhang, H. and Guo, B. (2008). Histological structure difference of dog‘s olfactory bulb between different age and sex. Zoological Research, 29(5): 537 545.https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12178
References
Abiyere, E., Umosen, D. A., Umar, M.B., Oyelowo, F.A., Ali, M.N., Zubairu, M. and Usende, I.F. (2022). Insight into the Functional Gross Morphology and Morphometry of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Olfactory Brain, and Sexual Dimorphism of the African Striped Ground Squirrel (Xerus erythropus). Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 15(1):17-33 https://doi.org/10.21608/jva.2022.226449
Adeola, M. O. and Decker, E. (1986). Wildlife utilization in rural Nigeria. In Clers, B.D. (edition) Proceedings of the International symposium and conference on wildlife management inn Sub-Sahara Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, pp 512-521
Ajayi, S. S. (1979). Utilization of Forest WildLife in West Africa. Misc/79/26. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Pp 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816962-9.00013-2
Ajeigbe, S.O., Tauheed, A.M. and Nzalak, J.O. (2021). Histomorphological Study of the Pons and Medulla Oblongata of Africa striped ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus). Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science. 52(3):361-372. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2021.75614.1232
Amir, A. and John, M. (2006). Anatomy of Olfaction system. Department of Neurosurgery and Spine, St Johns’s Health centre, Santa Monica, CA. Medicine, Section 1-10
Bukar, P. (2015). Anatomical comparison between the olfactory bulb of Africa giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, waterhouse) and Wistar rat. M.sc submission at the department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Chao, T.I., Kasa, P. and Wolf, J.R (1997). Distribution of astroglia in the glomeruli of the rat main olfactory bulb: exclusion from the sensory subcompartment of neuropil. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 388:191-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096 9861(19971117)388:2%3C191::aid-cne2%3E3.0.co;2-x
Drury, R.A.B. (1980). Carlton’s histological techniques. Oxford University Press U.S.A. Pp. 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.31049
Fletcher, W. (2006). Brain Gross Anatomy from the lab manual for CVM 6120 In: Veterinary Neurology, Supported by University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Minnesota press Pp. 1-25
Hamilton, K. A., Heinbockel, T., Ennis, M., Szabó, G., Erdélyi, F. and Hayar, A. (2005). Properties of external plexiform layer interneurons in mouse olfactory bulb slices. Neuroscience, 133(3): 819–829.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.008
Herron, M.D. and Waterman, J.M. (2004). "Xerus erythropus". Mammalian Species: Number 748. American Society of Mammalogists Pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1644/748
Ibe, C.S., Ikpegbu, E. and Nlebedum, U.C. (2018). Structure of the Main Olfactory Bulb and immunolocalisation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors in the Olfactory Layers of the African Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus). Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Science. 56:1-10. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.278580
Joanna, M.E., Nathan, J.C. and Nicola, S. (2005). Cache protection strategies by western scrub-jays, Aphelocoma californica: implications for social cognition. Animal Behaviours, 70(6):1251-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.02.009
Kiernan, J.A. (2007). Histochemistry of staining methods for normal and degenerating myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Journal of Histotechnology, 30(2):87-106. https://doi.org/10.1179/his.2007.30.2.87
Kosaka, T. and Kosaka, K. (2009) Olfactory bulb anatomy. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 7th ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Pp. 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045046-9.01686-7
Legg, E.W. and Clayton, N.S. (2014). Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) conceal caches from onlookers. Animal Cognition, 17(5): 1223-1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0743-2
Molina, A.M., Moyano, M.R., Nyala, N., Lora, A.J., and Serrano-Caballero, J.M, (2015). Analysis of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats, Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 60(7):368 375. https://doi.org/10.17221/8384-vetmed.
Moore, K. L. and Persaud, T.V.N. (2003). The Developing Human (Clinically Oriented Embryology), 8th Edition. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphis, PA. USA, Pp. 380-392.
Mori, K., Takahashi, Y.K., Igarashi, K.M. and Yamaguchi, M. (2006). Maps of odorant molecular features in the Mammalian olfactory bulb. Physiology Review, 86(2): 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2005
Ngwenya, A., Patzke, N., Ihunwo, A.O. and Manger, P.R. (2011) Organization and chemical neuroanatomy of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Olfactory bulb. Brain Structure and Function 216:403-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0316-y
Nzalak, J.O., Ayo, J.O., Neils, J.S., Okpara, J.O. and Onyeanusi, B.I. (2005). Morphometric studies of the cerebellum and forebrain of the Africa giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, waterhouse). Tropical Veterinarian, 23:87-92
Nolte, J. (2007). Elsevier’s Intergrated Neuroscience. Mosby, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Philadelphia, USA, Pp. 47-60.
Olude, M.A; Ogunbunmi, T.K; Olopade, J.O and Ihunwo, A.O. (2014). The olfactory bulb structure of African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse 1840) I: cytoarchitecture. Anatomical Science International.1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-014-0227-0
Paxinos, G and Watson, C. (1998). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. New York, Academic Press. Pp 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-547620-1.50003-5
Ramaswamy, S. (1978) Removal of the brain, A new procedure. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology,82:105 110.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00317957
Shipley, M., Ennis, M. and Puche, A. (2004). Olfactory system. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. 3rd ed. CA: Elsevier Academic Press, USA, Pp 923–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012547638-6/50030-4
Shoshani, J., Kpsky, W.J. and Marchant, G.H. (2006). Elephant brain. Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy and evolution. Brain Research Bulletin, 70: 124-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016
Smitka M, Abomaali N. and Witt, M. (2009). Olfactory bulb ventricles as a frequent finding in magnetic resonance imagery studies of the olfactory system. Neuroscience 162:482-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.058
Thorington, R. and Hoffmann, R. (2005). Family Sciuridae. Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. John Hopkins University press, Baltimore, UK. P754-818.
Wei, Q., Zhang, H. and Guo, B. (2008). Histological structure difference of dog‘s olfactory bulb between different age and sex. Zoological Research, 29(5): 537 545.https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12178