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Abstract
Allium sativum Linn. is a bulbos perennial plant of the Family Liliaceae has been reported as having potential medicinal properties. This study was on the phytochemistry, in vitro anti-trypanosomal efficacy and acute toxicity of Allium sativum Linn bulb aqueous extract using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemistry indicated high scores (+++) for reducing sugars, moderate scores (++) for alkaloids, steriods and carbohydrates with low scores (+) for tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The median lethal dose of the aqueous extract in albino rats was determined to be 2400 mg/kg body weight following intraperitoneal administration. The albino rats exhibited weakness, lordosis, starry hair coat, awkward posture, loss of apetite. All the albino rats died within 24 hours. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean parasites count (x106) on exposure in vitro to all the graded extract concentrations compared with the normal, and parasite count also decreasedwith time post-inoculation. Similarly, a positive correlation existed between extract concentrations and inhibition rates of the parasites post-inoculation. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Allium sativum has in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity.
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- International Center for Scientific and High Technology- United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (ICS - UNIDO) (2008). Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Lango, G., Rokesh, D. D. Eds. ICS-UNIDO Area Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste Italy.
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- Krstin, S., Sobeh, M., Braun, M.S. and Wink, M. (2018). Anti-Parasitic activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Trypanosoma b. brucei and Leishmania tarentolae.Medicines (Basel) 5(2): pp 37. Doi:10.3390/medicines5020037.
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- Onyeagba R. A., Ugbogu O. C., Okeke C. U. and Iroakasi O. Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Alliumsativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2004; 3(10):552 554. doi: 10.5897/ajb2004.000-2108,
- Parekh, J. and Chanda S. V. (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal Plants. Turk Journal of Biology, Pp. 31-53. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/vol31/iss1/9
- SPSS version 16. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 2011, version 20.0. IBM Corporation, New York, USA
- Stein, R. J.,Höreth, S.,De Melo, J.M.F, Syllwasschy, L., Lee, G., Garbin, M. L.,Stephan Clemens, S. and Ute Krämer, U.(2017). Relationships between soil and leaf mineral composition are element‐specific, environment dependent and geographically structured in the emerging model Arabidopsis halleri. The New Phytologist. 213(3): 1274–1286. doi: 10.1111/nph.14219
- Tesfaye A., Mengesha W. (2015). Traditional uses phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of garlic (AlliumSativum) and its biological active compounds. International Journal of Sciences Research Engineering and Technology. 2015; 1:142–148. Doi; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872,
References
Alagarsamy, S., Chellappan, P., Jesuraj, M. T., Mohan, M. S. G. and Balakrishnan, R. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of the crude extract of Allium oschaninii scape. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 18, 309-316.
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-018-0339-5,
Aliu, Y. O. and Nwude, N. (1982). Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Experiments. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria, pp. 104-110.
Atawodi, S. E., Bulus, T., Ibrahim, S., Ameh, D. A., Nok, A. J., Mamman, M. and Galadima, M. (2003). In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian savannah plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(9), 317-321.DOI:10.5897/AJB2003.000-1065,
Bayan L., Koulivand P. H. and Gorji A. (2014). Garlic: A review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenn Journal of Phytomedicine . 2014; 4(1):1–14.
Biu, A. A., Auwal, M. S., Maina, U. A., Salihu, S. I., Kashimbe, I. B., Buratai, L. B., Ibrahim, A., Lawan, F.A. and Ruth, P. A. (2022). In vitro Trypanocidal Activity of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Alliumcepa linn in Experimentally Infected Wistar Rats. Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(2): 1-6. Doihttps://doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v19i2.295
Bora, K., and Sharma, A. (2009). Phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of Alliumcepa Linn. A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 3(5), 170-180.
Chan, R. Y.K. and Chan, S.W. A review of the cardiovascular benefits and antioxidant properties of allicin. Phytotherapy Research. 2013; 27(5):637 646. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4796,
Demers, G., Griffin, G., De Vroey, G., Haywood, J. R., Zurlo, J. and Bédard, M. (2006). Harmonization of animal care and use guidance. Science, 312 (5774), 700-701. DOI: 10.1126/science.1124036,
Elberry, A. A., Mufti, S., Al-Maghrabi, J., Abdel Sattar, E., Ghareib, S. A., Mosli, H. A. and Gabr, S. A. (2014). Immunomodulatory effect of red onion (Allium cepa Linn.) scale extract on experimentally induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014. Doi; https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/640746,
Evans, W. C. (2002) Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 14th edition. Beithere Tindal, W. B. Saunders Co. Ltd. Engalnd, Pp. 117 – 575.
Garba, I., Umar, A. I., Abdulrahman, A. B., Tijjani, M. B., Aliyu, M. S., Zango, U. U. and Muhammed, A. (2013). Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of garlic extract. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 6(2):45 48. Doi; https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v6i2.10,
Hodge, A. and Sterner, B. (2005). Toxicity classes. In: Canadian center for occupational Health and safety. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html on 14th January 2019.
Hoet, S., Opperdoes, F., Brun, R. and Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2004). Natural products active against African trypanosomes: a step towards new drugs. Natural Product Reports, 21(3), 353 364. Doi; https://doi.org/10.1039/B311021B
Huzaifa, U., Labaran, I., Bello, A.B. and Olatunde, A. (2014). Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs. Report and Opinion. 6(8):1-4.
International Center for Scientific and High Technology- United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (ICS - UNIDO) (2008). Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Lango, G., Rokesh, D. D. Eds. ICS-UNIDO Area Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste Italy.
Kahrizi, D., Molsaghi, M., Faramarzi, A., Yari, K., Kazemi, E., Farhadzadeh, A. M., and Yousofvand, N. (2012). Medicinal plants in holy Quran. American Journal of Scientific Research, 42(42), 62-71.
Krstin, S., Sobeh, M., Braun, M.S. and Wink, M. (2018). Anti-Parasitic activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Trypanosoma b. brucei and Leishmania tarentolae.Medicines (Basel) 5(2): pp 37. Doi:10.3390/medicines5020037.
Mikaili, P., Maadirad, S., Moloudizargari, M., Aghajanshakeri, S. and Sarahroodi, S. (2013).Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Science. 16(10): 1031–1048.
Obeidat, M., Shatnawi, M., Al-alawi, M., Al-Zu`bi, E., Al-Dmoor, H., Al-Qudah, M., El-Qudah, J. and Otri, I. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of some plant leaves. Research Journal of Microbiology, 7: 59-67. Doi;10.3923/jm2012.59.65,
Onyeagba R. A., Ugbogu O. C., Okeke C. U. and Iroakasi O. Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Alliumsativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2004; 3(10):552 554. doi: 10.5897/ajb2004.000-2108,
Parekh, J. and Chanda S. V. (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal Plants. Turk Journal of Biology, Pp. 31-53. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/vol31/iss1/9
SPSS version 16. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 2011, version 20.0. IBM Corporation, New York, USA
Stein, R. J.,Höreth, S.,De Melo, J.M.F, Syllwasschy, L., Lee, G., Garbin, M. L.,Stephan Clemens, S. and Ute Krämer, U.(2017). Relationships between soil and leaf mineral composition are element‐specific, environment dependent and geographically structured in the emerging model Arabidopsis halleri. The New Phytologist. 213(3): 1274–1286. doi: 10.1111/nph.14219
Tesfaye A., Mengesha W. (2015). Traditional uses phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of garlic (AlliumSativum) and its biological active compounds. International Journal of Sciences Research Engineering and Technology. 2015; 1:142–148. Doi; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872,