Article Sidebar

Download
PDF

Main Article Content

Abstract

Oxytetracycline is one of the commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practice in Nigeria. Questionnaire survey was conducted to ascertain the brands of oxytetracycline commonly used among veterinary clinicians, veterinary pharmacies, and livestock farmers. Spectrophotometric method was used to determine the actual concentration of some oxytetracycline brands sold over the counter for veterinary use. Five brands of oxytetracycline soluble powder were obtained from veterinary pharmacies in Maiduguri Metropolis. The percentage content of the oxytetracycline brands were 51.72%, 80.82%, 112.30%, 60.34% and 29.50% respectively. Four out of the five brands (80%) contained less than the labelled concentration. There was moderate positive correlation (r = 0.506) between the analyzed brands and their expiring dates. This implies that there is an ongoing administration of sub-standard antibiotics to animals with consequences including but not limited to development of resistance, therapy failure, toxicity, and side effects. Results of survey revealed 97.6% of the respondents use oxytetracycline and 41 different brands were available in Maiduguri. All (100%) the respondents either found oxytetracycline to be very effective or effective, while 80% of the respondents did not notice any side effects following use of the drug. It was concluded that oxytetracycline was widely used and regarded as an effective drug by the respondents but 80% of the brands had oxytetracycline concentration below the labelled concentration. Proper monitoring and quality control assurance should be enforced by regulatory agencies.

Keywords

Concentration; Maiduguri; Oxytetracycline brand; Over the counter

Article Details

How to Cite
Analysis of Oxytetracycline Concentration in some Brands of Oxytetracycline ‎available for Veterinary use in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria ‎. (2023). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(4), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v20i4.374
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

How to Cite

Analysis of Oxytetracycline Concentration in some Brands of Oxytetracycline ‎available for Veterinary use in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria ‎. (2023). Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(4), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v20i4.374

References

  1. Abubakar, A. (2017). "Origin and meaning of Maiduguri." ‎Retrieved from ‎www.researchgate.net/publication/318215165_Origin‎_and_Meaning_of_Maiduguri.‎
  2. Aktas, I. and Yarsan, E. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of ‎Conventional and Long-Acting Oxytetracycline ‎Preparations in Kilis Goat. Front. Vet. Sci. 4, 229.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00229
  3. Aliyu, E.H., Nma, B.A., Suleiman, Y. and Muhammed, K.Y. ‎‎(2018) A survey of antimicrobial usage by animal ‎health practitioners in Niger State. In: A Paper ‎Presentation at the 55th Annual Congress of the ‎Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association at Usmanu ‎Danfodio University Sokoto, 22nd -27th, October, 2018‎
  4. Audu, S.A, Ahmed, A, Taiwo, A.E, SanI, M, Ojuolape, A.R., ‎Sani, A.S., Bukola, A.R. and Mohammed, I. (2012). ‎Comparative Quantitative Analysis of Different ‎Brands of 300mg Aspirin Tablet Marketed in ‎Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC). IJPSR 3(8): ‎‎426-410‎
  5. Boxall, A.B.A, Fogg, L.A., Blackwell, P.A., Kay, P., Pemberton, ‎E.J. and Croxford, A. (2004). Veterinary medicines in ‎the environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. ‎Toxicol., 180. 1-91‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21729-0_1
  6. Brunton, S., Carmichael, B., Fitzgerald, M., Liu, H., Varon, J. ‎and Weiland, D. (2005). Community-acquired ‎bacterial respiratory tract infections: consensus ‎recommendations. J. Fam. Pract., 54(3): 255-262, ‎PMID: 15755379.‎
  7. Cantrell, L., Suchard, J. R., Wu, A. and Gerona, R.R. (2012). ‎Stability of active ingredients in long-expired ‎prescription medications. Arch. Intern. ‎Med., 172(21):1685–1687. ‎https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.4501‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.4501
  8. Daniel, N., Malgwi, K.D., Umaru, B., Omeh, I.J. and Sanya, L. ‎‎(2021). A survey of the usage (frequency and ‎pattern) of antibiotics at the University of Maiduguri ‎Veterinary Teaching Hospital,Maiduguri, Borno ‎State, Nigeria. Vet. World, 14(11): 2941-2946. ‎www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2941-2946‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2941-2946
  9. Dina, O.A. and Arowolo R.O.A. (1991): Some considerations ‎on veterinary drug use and supply in Nigeria. Re. ‎d’Elevage Med. Vet. Pays Tropicaux, 44, 29-31.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9210
  10. Erb, A., Sturmer, T., Marre, R. and Brenner, H. (2007). ‎Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: ‎overview of geographical, temporal, and ‎methodological variations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect ‎Dis, 26:8390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-006-‎‎0248-2‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-006-0248-2
  11. Ezenduka, E.V., Oboegbulem, S.I., Nwanta, J.A. and ‎Onunkwo, J.I. (2011). Prevalence of antimicrobial ‎residues in raw table eggs from farms and retail ‎outlets in Enugu State, Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Health ‎Prod., 43 (3): 557-559. ‎https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9730-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9730-z
  12. Geidam, Y.A., Ibrahim, U.I., Grema, H.A., Sanda, K.A., ‎Suleiman, A. and Mohzo, D.L. (2012) Patterns of ‎antibiotic sales by drug stores and usage in poultry ‎farms: A questionnaire-based survey in Maiduguri, ‎Northeastern Nigeria. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11(16): ‎‎2852-2855.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2012.2852.2855
  13. Idowu, F., Junaid, K., Paul, A., Gabriel, O., Paul, A., Sati, N., ‎Maryam, M. and Jarlath, U., (2010). Antimicrobial ‎screening of commercial eggs and determination of ‎tetracycline residue using two microbiological ‎methods. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 9 (10): 959-962.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.959.962
  14. Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Bhuyian, M.M.U., Shamsuddin, ‎M. and Islam, M.T. 2016. Efficacy of ‎oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ‎trimethoprim, and tylosin for the treatment of ‎bacterial diseases in cattle and goats. Bangladesh J. ‎Vet. Med. 14(1): 47-51.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v14i1.28822
  15. Kaya, S. (2007). Kemoterapötikler. 2nd ed. In: Kaya S, ‎Pirinçci İ, Bilgili A, editors. VeterinerFarmakoloji. ‎‎(Vol. 2), Ankara: Medisan Press. pp. 327–488.‎
  16. Keita, A., Pommier, P., Pagot, E., Couper, A. and Cromie, L. ‎‎(2007). A combination oxytetracycline/flunixin ‎treatment of respiratory infections in cattle. Rev. ‎Méd. Vét., 158: 86-91.‎
  17. Kovacs, S., Hawes, S.E., Maley, S.N., Mosites, E., Wong, L. ‎and Stergachis, A. (2014) Technologies for detecting ‎falsified and substandard drugs in low and middle-‎income countries. PLoS One, 9(3):e90601. ‎https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090601‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090601
  18. Levy, S. B. (1992). Active efflux mechanisms for ‎antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob. Agents ‎Chemother., 36: 695–703. ‎https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.36.4.695‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.36.4.695
  19. Levy, S.B. and Marshall, B. (2004). Antibacterial resistance ‎worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nat ‎Med, 10(12 Suppl): S122-129. ‎https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145
  20. Merey, H. A., Abd-Elmonem, M. S., Nazlawy, H. N. and ‎Zaazaa, H. E. (2017). Spectrophotometric Methods ‎for Simultaneous Determination of Oxytetracycline ‎HCl and Flunixin Meglumine in Their Veterinary ‎Pharmaceutical Formulation. J. Anal. Methods ‎Chem.: 2321572. ‎https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2321572‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2321572
  21. Moken, MC. (2003). Fake pharmaceuticals: how they and ‎relevant legislation or lack thereof contribute to ‎consistently high and increasing drug prices. Am. J ‎Law Med, 29: 525–542. PMID: 15119247‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0098858800002598
  22. Nazerali, H. and Hogerzeil, H.V. (1998). The quality and ‎stability of essential drugs in rural Zimbabwe: ‎controlled longitudinal study. BMJ, 17(7157):512-‎‎513. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7157.512‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7157.512
  23. Ojo, O.E., Oyekunle, M.A., Ogunleye, A.O. and Otesile, E.B. ‎‎(2009). Escherichia coli, O157:H7 in Food animals in ‎part of south-western Nigeria: Prevalence and in vitro ‎antimicrobial susceptibility. Trop. Vet. 26 (3and4): ‎‎23-30‎
  24. Okeke, I.N., and Laxminarayan, R., Bhutta, Z.A., Duse, A.G., ‎Jenkins, P., O'Brien, T.F., Pablos-Mendez, A. and ‎Klugman, K.P. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in ‎developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current ‎status. Lancet Infect. Dis.,5(8), 481–493. ‎https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70189-4‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70189-4
  25. Okeke, I.N., Aboderin, O.A., Byarugaba D.K. Ojo, K.K. and ‎Opintan J.A. (2007). Growing Problem of Multidrug-‎Resistant Enteric Pathogens in Africa. Emerg. Infect. ‎Dis., 13(11): 1640-1646. ‎https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070674‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070674
  26. Okonko, I.O., Soleye, F.A., Amusan, T.A., Ogun, A.A., ‎Ogunnusi, T.A. and Ejembi, J. (2009). Incidence of ‎Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) Organisms in ‎Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Global J. ‎Pharmacol., 3(2): 69-80.‎
  27. Olatoye, I.O. and Ehimowo, A.A. (2010). Oxytetracycline ‎residues in edible tissues of cattle slaughtered in ‎Akure, Nigeria. Nig. Vet. J. 31 (2): 93-102.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v31i2.68952
  28. Özdemir, N. (2003). Kimi uzunetkili (LA) ‎veterinertetrasiklinformülasyonlarınınbiyoyararlanımvebiyoeşdeğerlilikyönündenincelenmesi [PhD ‎Thesis]. Istanbul: İstanbul ‎ÜniversitesiSağlıkBilimleriEnstitüsü.‎
  29. Reidenberg, M.M. and Conner, B.A. (2001). Counterfeit and ‎substandard drugs. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.,69: 189–‎‎93. https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.114672‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.114672
  30. Rimoy, G.H., Moshi, M.J. and Massele, A.Y. (2002). ‎Comparative bioavailability of oral sugar-coated and ‎plain formulation of chloroquine phosphate ‎marketed in Tanzania. Trop. Doct.,32: 15–17. ‎https://doi.org/10.1177/004947550203200108‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004947550203200108
  31. Saba, A.B., Olatoye, I.O. and Oridupa, O.A. (2012). ‎Spectrophotometric Analysis of Oxytetracycline ‎Brands Available Over the Counter for Veterinary ‎Use in South Western Nigeria. Nig. Vet. J.,33(3): 533-‎‎530‎
  32. Safila, N. (2014). Analytical Determination of Lisinopril Using ‎UV Spectrophotometer and HPLC: An Overview. ‎Mod. Chem. Appl.,2: 137. ‎https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000137‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6798.1000137
  33. Shakoor, O., Taylor, R.B. and Behrens, R.H. (1997). ‎Assessment of the incidence of substandard drug in ‎developing countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 2(9): ‎‎839-845.‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-403.x
  34. Shivachandra, S., Viswas, K. and Kumar, A. (2011). A review ‎of hemorrhagicsepticemia in cattle and buffalo. ‎Anim. Health Res. Rev. 12: 67-82. ‎https://doi.org/10.1017/s146625231100003x‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625231100003X
  35. Zhang, Q., Sahin, O., McDermott, P.F. and Payot, S. (2006). ‎Fitness of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter and ‎Salmonella. Microbes Infect.,8:1972-1978. ‎https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.031‎ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.031

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.