Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) belongs to a group of hepatocarcinogenic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus found in food or feed products. In this study we analyzed 180 feed of six different brands of commercial poultry feeds from three feed distribution outlets in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria for the occurrence and concentrations of AFB1. In addition, to the transfer of AFB1 to broiler meat from chicken fed for four weeks with one brand of feed associated with the highest AFB1 contamination. The study was carried out between April and June, 2019. The presence/concentration of AFB1 was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) following solid phase extraction of sample and preparation. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all (100 %) the brands of feed and 48 % of chicken samples tested. The concentration of AFB1 in feed ranged between 10.5 ± 4.0 and 47.78 ± 6.4, while the mean AFB1 residues obtained in chicken muscle, gizzards and liver after four weeks were 0.07 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.05 and 0.13 ± 0.02 μg/kg, respectively. The presence of AFB1 in all the brands of poultry feeds tested in this study and its possible transfer into chicken meat poses food/feed safety and public health concern. There is therefore, the need to screen feed and apply Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point to feed manufacturing, storage and broiler chicken production to prevent aflatoxicosis.
Keywords
Article Details
How to Cite
References
- Abd El Monem M., Ragab M., Maher, M. A., Ali S. H. H., Salah N., Hussien H. M. and Amro F. H. (2015): Detection of aflatoxins in meat by modified HPLC method. Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health 1, 945-954.
- Adeniran L. A, Makun H. A. and Muhammad H. L. (2013): Survey of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Concentrated Poultry Feed in Niger State, Nigeria. J. Food Res., 2: 128-135.
- Akande K. E, Abubakar M. M., Adegbola T. A. and Bogoro S. E. (2006): Nutritional and health implications of mycotoxins in animal feeds: A Review. Pak. J. Nut., 5(5): 398-403.
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2000): Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, AOAC Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Methods 925.10, 65.17, 974.24, 992.16.
- Azzam A. H. and Gabal M. A. (1997): Interaction of aflatoxin in the feed and immunization against selected infectious diseases. Avian Pathology, 26, 317-325. Azzam A. H. and Gabal M. A. (1998): Aflatoxin and immunity in layer hens. Avian Pathol, 27, 570-577.
- Chang C. F. and Hamilton P. B. (1982): Increased severity and new symptoms of infectious bursal disease during aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. J., 61, 1061-1068.
- Del B. M., Oliveira C. A. F., Albuquerque R., Guerra J. L. and Correa B. (2005): Effects of Prolonged Oral administration of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 in Broiler Chickens. Poult. Sci. J., 84 (12) 1835 – 1840.
- Essono G., Ayodele M., Akoa A., Foko J., Filtenborg O. and Olembo S. (2009): Aflatoxin producing Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin levels in stored cassava chips as affected by processing practice. Food Control, 20, 648-654.
- Figueroa S., Centeno S., Calvo M. A., Rengel A. and Adelantado C. (2009): Mycobiodata and concentration of Ochratoxin A in concentrated poultry feed from Venezuela. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12(7), 589-594.
- Filtenborg O., Frisvad T. C. and Samson R. A. (2000): Specific association of fungi in foods and influence of
- physical environmental factors. In R. A. Samson, E. S. Hoekstra, J. C. Frisvad, & O. Filtenborg
- (Eds.), Introduction to Food-and Airborne Fungi (6th Ed., pp. 306-320).
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2003): Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control (1st Ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-y1390e.pdf. Accessed 28th February, 2020.
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2019): CPG Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds. Available on https://www.fda.gov/media/121202/download. Accessed on 10th February, 2020.
- Halfon-Meiri A. and Barki G. (1990): Mycoflora involved in seed germ discolouration of popcorn and its effect on seed quality. Mycopathologia, 11, 37-41.
- Hanif N. Q. M., Naseem S. K. and Malik N. (2006): Prevalence of mycotoxins in poultry rations. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 49: 120-124.
- Herrman T. (2002): Mycotosins in feed grains and ingredients. Department of Grain Science and
- Industry, Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension, MF-206. Available at: https://www.plantpath.k-state.edu/extension/publications/mf-2061.pdf. Accessed 27th February, 2020
- Herzallah S. M. (2013): Aflatoxin B1 Residues in Eggs and Flesh of Laying Hens Fed Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Diet. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 8 (2): 156-161, 2013 ISSN: 1557-4989
- Ige E. A., Ogundero V. W. and Agu G. C. (2012): Evaluation of aflatoxin content of naturally occurring molds from poultry feeds. Afr. J. Food Sci., 6 (2): 104-110.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: some naturally occurring substances, food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 56, 26-32.
- Jones F. T., Genter M. B., Hagler W. M., Hansen J. A. and Mowrey B. B. (1994): Understanding and coping with effects of mycotoxins in livestock feed and forage. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Services (p. 114). Carolina.
- Klich M. A. (2002): Introduction; economic and medical importance of Aspergillus. In Identification of common Aspergillus species (pp. 1-16). Centraal bureau voor Schimmel culture, Utrecht: The Netherlands (Publishers) www.ccsenet.org/jfr J. Food Res., 2 (2), 2013.134.
- Kpodo K., Thrane U. and Hald B. (2000): Fusaria and fumonisins in maize from Ghana and their co-occurrence with aflatoxins. Intl. J. Food Microbiol., 61: 147-157.
- Leslie J. F, Bandyopadhyay R. and Visconti A. (2008): eds. Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade. C.A.B. International DOI: 10.1079/9781845930820.0000. Available at: https://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20083189556. Accessed 27th February, 2020
- Maciorowski K. G., Herrera P., Jones F. T., Pillai S. D. and Rickie S. (2007): Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 133(1): 109 - 136.
- Marijani E., Kigadye E. and Okoth S. (2019): Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and their impact on fish health. Int. J. Microbiol. doi.org/10.1155/2019/6743065. Available at: http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2019/6743065.pdf. Accessed 27th February, 2020.
- Moss M. O. (1992): Mycotoxic fungi. In: Microbial Food Poisoning. In A. R. Elley (Ed.), Chapman and Hall; pp 73-106.
- Njobeh B. P., Dutton M. F., Koch S. H. and Chuturgoon A. (2009). Contamination with storage fungi of human foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 135: 193-198.
- Oluwole O. E., Emikpe B. O. and Olugasa B. O. (2012): Attitude of poultry farmers towards vaccination against Newcastle disease and avian influenza in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 10 (2): 4-12.
- Osho I. B., Awoniyi T. A. M. and Adebayo A. I. (2007): Mycological investigation of compound poultry feeds used in poultry farms in south west Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6: 1833-1836.
- Oyero G. O. and Oyefolu A. B. (2010): Natural occurrence of aflatoxin residues in fresh and sun-dried meat in Nigeria. Pan Afr. Med. J., Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172626/. Accessed 10th February, 2020.
- Rashid N., Bajwa M. A., Rafeeq M., Khan M. A., Ahmad Z., Tariq M. M., Wadood A. and Abbas F. (2012): Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in finished commercial broiler feed from West Central Pakistan, J. Anim. Plant Sci., 22: 6-10.
- Rathod P. R., Kulkarni G. B. and Gangane G. (2013): Pathological effect of low grade Aflatoxicity in Broilers. The Bioscan 8(3): 1115-1118, 2013 (Supplement on Toxicology).
- Rodrigues M. L. and Nosanchuk J. D. (2020). Fungal diseases as neglected pathogens: A wake-up call to public health officials. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14(2): e0007964.
- Sarma U. P., Bhetaria P. J., Devi P. and Varma A. (2017). Aflatoxins: Implications on Health. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 32 (2):124-133.
- Urraca J. L., Marazuela M.C. and Moreno-Bondi M.C. (2004): Analysis for zearalenone and a-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta, 524: 175-183.
- USAID (2012): Aflatoxin: A Synthesis of the Research on Health, Agriculture and Trade. Available at: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH773.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2020.
- Verma R. J. (2004): Aflatoxins cause DNA damage. Int. J. Hum. Genet., 4(4): 231-236..
- Wacoo A. P., Wendiro D,, Vuzi P. C. and Hawumba J. F. (2014): Methods for Detection of Aflatoxins in Agricultural Food Crops. J. Appl. Chem., 15p.
References
Abd El Monem M., Ragab M., Maher, M. A., Ali S. H. H., Salah N., Hussien H. M. and Amro F. H. (2015): Detection of aflatoxins in meat by modified HPLC method. Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health 1, 945-954.
Adeniran L. A, Makun H. A. and Muhammad H. L. (2013): Survey of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Concentrated Poultry Feed in Niger State, Nigeria. J. Food Res., 2: 128-135.
Akande K. E, Abubakar M. M., Adegbola T. A. and Bogoro S. E. (2006): Nutritional and health implications of mycotoxins in animal feeds: A Review. Pak. J. Nut., 5(5): 398-403.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2000): Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, AOAC Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Methods 925.10, 65.17, 974.24, 992.16.
Azzam A. H. and Gabal M. A. (1997): Interaction of aflatoxin in the feed and immunization against selected infectious diseases. Avian Pathology, 26, 317-325. Azzam A. H. and Gabal M. A. (1998): Aflatoxin and immunity in layer hens. Avian Pathol, 27, 570-577.
Chang C. F. and Hamilton P. B. (1982): Increased severity and new symptoms of infectious bursal disease during aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. J., 61, 1061-1068.
Del B. M., Oliveira C. A. F., Albuquerque R., Guerra J. L. and Correa B. (2005): Effects of Prolonged Oral administration of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 in Broiler Chickens. Poult. Sci. J., 84 (12) 1835 – 1840.
Essono G., Ayodele M., Akoa A., Foko J., Filtenborg O. and Olembo S. (2009): Aflatoxin producing Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin levels in stored cassava chips as affected by processing practice. Food Control, 20, 648-654.
Figueroa S., Centeno S., Calvo M. A., Rengel A. and Adelantado C. (2009): Mycobiodata and concentration of Ochratoxin A in concentrated poultry feed from Venezuela. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12(7), 589-594.
Filtenborg O., Frisvad T. C. and Samson R. A. (2000): Specific association of fungi in foods and influence of
physical environmental factors. In R. A. Samson, E. S. Hoekstra, J. C. Frisvad, & O. Filtenborg
(Eds.), Introduction to Food-and Airborne Fungi (6th Ed., pp. 306-320).
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2003): Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control (1st Ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-y1390e.pdf. Accessed 28th February, 2020.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2019): CPG Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds. Available on https://www.fda.gov/media/121202/download. Accessed on 10th February, 2020.
Halfon-Meiri A. and Barki G. (1990): Mycoflora involved in seed germ discolouration of popcorn and its effect on seed quality. Mycopathologia, 11, 37-41.
Hanif N. Q. M., Naseem S. K. and Malik N. (2006): Prevalence of mycotoxins in poultry rations. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 49: 120-124.
Herrman T. (2002): Mycotosins in feed grains and ingredients. Department of Grain Science and
Industry, Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension, MF-206. Available at: https://www.plantpath.k-state.edu/extension/publications/mf-2061.pdf. Accessed 27th February, 2020
Herzallah S. M. (2013): Aflatoxin B1 Residues in Eggs and Flesh of Laying Hens Fed Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Diet. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 8 (2): 156-161, 2013 ISSN: 1557-4989
Ige E. A., Ogundero V. W. and Agu G. C. (2012): Evaluation of aflatoxin content of naturally occurring molds from poultry feeds. Afr. J. Food Sci., 6 (2): 104-110.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: some naturally occurring substances, food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 56, 26-32.
Jones F. T., Genter M. B., Hagler W. M., Hansen J. A. and Mowrey B. B. (1994): Understanding and coping with effects of mycotoxins in livestock feed and forage. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Services (p. 114). Carolina.
Klich M. A. (2002): Introduction; economic and medical importance of Aspergillus. In Identification of common Aspergillus species (pp. 1-16). Centraal bureau voor Schimmel culture, Utrecht: The Netherlands (Publishers) www.ccsenet.org/jfr J. Food Res., 2 (2), 2013.134.
Kpodo K., Thrane U. and Hald B. (2000): Fusaria and fumonisins in maize from Ghana and their co-occurrence with aflatoxins. Intl. J. Food Microbiol., 61: 147-157.
Leslie J. F, Bandyopadhyay R. and Visconti A. (2008): eds. Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade. C.A.B. International DOI: 10.1079/9781845930820.0000. Available at: https://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20083189556. Accessed 27th February, 2020
Maciorowski K. G., Herrera P., Jones F. T., Pillai S. D. and Rickie S. (2007): Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 133(1): 109 - 136.
Marijani E., Kigadye E. and Okoth S. (2019): Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and their impact on fish health. Int. J. Microbiol. doi.org/10.1155/2019/6743065. Available at: http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2019/6743065.pdf. Accessed 27th February, 2020.
Moss M. O. (1992): Mycotoxic fungi. In: Microbial Food Poisoning. In A. R. Elley (Ed.), Chapman and Hall; pp 73-106.
Njobeh B. P., Dutton M. F., Koch S. H. and Chuturgoon A. (2009). Contamination with storage fungi of human foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 135: 193-198.
Oluwole O. E., Emikpe B. O. and Olugasa B. O. (2012): Attitude of poultry farmers towards vaccination against Newcastle disease and avian influenza in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 10 (2): 4-12.
Osho I. B., Awoniyi T. A. M. and Adebayo A. I. (2007): Mycological investigation of compound poultry feeds used in poultry farms in south west Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6: 1833-1836.
Oyero G. O. and Oyefolu A. B. (2010): Natural occurrence of aflatoxin residues in fresh and sun-dried meat in Nigeria. Pan Afr. Med. J., Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172626/. Accessed 10th February, 2020.
Rashid N., Bajwa M. A., Rafeeq M., Khan M. A., Ahmad Z., Tariq M. M., Wadood A. and Abbas F. (2012): Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in finished commercial broiler feed from West Central Pakistan, J. Anim. Plant Sci., 22: 6-10.
Rathod P. R., Kulkarni G. B. and Gangane G. (2013): Pathological effect of low grade Aflatoxicity in Broilers. The Bioscan 8(3): 1115-1118, 2013 (Supplement on Toxicology).
Rodrigues M. L. and Nosanchuk J. D. (2020). Fungal diseases as neglected pathogens: A wake-up call to public health officials. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14(2): e0007964.
Sarma U. P., Bhetaria P. J., Devi P. and Varma A. (2017). Aflatoxins: Implications on Health. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 32 (2):124-133.
Urraca J. L., Marazuela M.C. and Moreno-Bondi M.C. (2004): Analysis for zearalenone and a-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta, 524: 175-183.
USAID (2012): Aflatoxin: A Synthesis of the Research on Health, Agriculture and Trade. Available at: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH773.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2020.
Verma R. J. (2004): Aflatoxins cause DNA damage. Int. J. Hum. Genet., 4(4): 231-236..
Wacoo A. P., Wendiro D,, Vuzi P. C. and Hawumba J. F. (2014): Methods for Detection of Aflatoxins in Agricultural Food Crops. J. Appl. Chem., 15p.