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Abstract
Commercial quail farming is economically viable and feasible because quails are resistant tovarious diseases. But despite this reported resistance, little is known about its resistance tohaemoparasites. This study evaluates the haematological changes and haemoparasiticinfection of commercially raised quails. Fifty-seven adult quails raised on deep litter wererandomly selected for blood sampling in this study. Two milliliters of blood was collectedaseptically for complete blood count while blood smears were used for the determination ofhaemoparasite morphological characteristics. Haemoproteus spp. Plasmodium gallinaceum, and Leucocytozoon spp. were identified in this study. 38 (67%) of the quails were positive forsingle or mixed infection, 29 (51%) were positive for single infection and 9(16%) for mixedinfection. There was a (P<0.05) decrease in PCV, Hb, and RBC counts, and an increase inTWBC and eosinophil count in birds with haemoparasite as compared to the uninfected birds.There was (P<0.05) increase in total white blood cell and heterophil count in the plasmodiumpositive birds. Also, total white blood cell, heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil count were(P<0.05) increased in the Leucocytozoon positive birds. This increase was also observed inbirds with mixed infection. The high incidence of haemoparasitic infection in apparentlyhealthy quail, with significant haematological indices deviated from normal, is consistentwith reports of the resistance of quail to various disease diseases which thus includeshaemoparasitic infection.
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References
- Adeyemo, A. A, Onikoyi, M. P (2012). Prospects and challenges of large-scale commercial poultry production in Nigeria. Agricultural Journal. 7: 388-393.
- Argilla, L. S., Howe, L., Gartrell, D. and Alley, M. R. (2013). High prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in the sub-Antarctic regions of New Zealand. Parasitology., 140: 672–682.
- Astudillo, V. G., Hernández, S. M., Kistler, W. H., Boone, S. L., Lipp, E. K., Shrestha, S. and Yabsley, M.J. (2013). Spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in Georgia, USA. International Journal of Parasitology and Parasites of Wildlife., 2:178–189.
- Bakoji, I., Aliyu, M. K., Haruna, U., Jibril, S. A., Sani, R. M. and Danwanka, H. (2013). Economic Analysis of Quails Bird (Cortunixcortunix) Production in Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sci., 2(12): 420-425.
- Cotter, P. F. (2014). An examination of the utility of heterophil-lymphocyte ratios in assessing stress of caged hens. Poultry Science., 94: 512–517.
- Cerny, O., Votypka, J., Svobodová, M. (2011). Spatial feeding preferences of ornithophilic mosquitoes, blackflies and biting midges. Medicine and Veterinary Entomology., 25:104–108.
- Central Bank of Nigeria (2013). CBN Statistical Bulletin, CBN Publication. Available:http://www.cenbank.org/docume nts/data.asp (Accessed 19 January 2013).
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- Dunn, J. C, Goodman, S. J, Benton, T. G, Hamer, K. C. (2013). Avian blood parasite infection during the nonbreeding season: an overlooked issue in declining populations? BMC Ecology. 13:30.
- Garba, A. M (2008). Structure of the poultry industry in Nigeria. Workshop Organized by ILRI – IFPRI, 17th June 2008, Ibadan, Nigeria, P.3.
- Holmstad, P., Anwar, A., Lezhova, T. and Skorping, A. (2003). Standard sampling technique underestimates the prevalence of avian hematozoa in Willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). J. Wildl. dis., 39: 354-358.
- Isaac, L.J., Abah, G., Akpan, B., Ekaette, I. U. (2013). Haematological properties of different breeds and sexes of rabbits, p.24-27. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria.
- Jatoi, A. S, Sahota, A. W., Akram, M., Javed, K., Hussain, J., Mehmood, S. and Jaspal, M. H. (2013). Response of different body weights on blood serum chemistry values in four close-bred flocks of adult Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(5):1215–1220.
- Karamba, K. I., Kawo, A. H., Dabo, N. T and Mukhtar, M. D. (2012). A survey of avian malaria parasite in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. InternationalJournal of Biotechnology and MolecularBiology Research. 3(1): 8-14.
- Lambin, E. F., Van, W. S .O., Linard, C and Soti, V. (2010). Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. International Journal of Health Geography., 9:54.
- Levin, I.I. and Parker, P.G. (2013). Haemosporidian parasites: impacts on avian hosts. In Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine – Current Therapy, Volume 7 (ed. Miller, R. E. and Fowler, M.), pp. 356–363. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, USA.
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- Mavuti, S. K. (2010). Prevalence, intensity and pathology associated with parasitic infections of ducks in Nairobi and its environs. MSc. Thesis, University of Nairobi.
- Njunga, G. R. (2003). Ecto- and haemoparasites of chicken in Malawi with emphasis on the effects of the chicken louse, Menacanthus cornutus. MSc thesis. The Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Denmark
- Olayemi, O. A, Jubril, A. J and Adekola, A. A. (2014). Prevalence of Haemoparasites in Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of World's Poultry Research.,4(4): 89-93.
- Owen, O. J and Dike, U. A. (2013). Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Husbandry: A means of increasing Animal Protein Base in Developing Countries. Journal of Agriculture Environment and Ethics 5(1):1-4.
- Onyewuchi, U. U, Offor, I.R, Okoli, C. F. (2013): Profitability of quail bird and egg production in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 9(1):40-44.
- Peninah, W. A., Robert, M. W., Paul, G. M., James, M. N and Lilly, C. B. (2020). Haemato-biochemical changes and prevalence of parasitic infections of indigenous chicken sold in markets of Kiambu County, Kenya. Journal of Veterinary Science, 8(1): 18–25.
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- Potti, J. (2007). Variation in the haematocrit of a passerine bird across life stages is mainly of environmental origin. Journal of Avian Biology, 38:726–730.
- Rawaa, G. M. (2012). Diagnostic Study on Microfilariae and Some Blood Protozoa In Quail Birds (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) In Nineveh Governorate. Bazilian Journalof Veterinary Research., 11(1): 32.
- Sabuni,Z. A., Mbuthia, P. G., Maingi, N., Nyaga, P. N., Njagi, L. W., Bebora, L. C and Michieka, J. N. (2011). Prevalence of haemoparasites infection in indigenous chicken in the Eastern Province of Kenya. LRRD. 23(238).
- Sol, D., Jovani, R . and Torres, J. (2003). Parasite mediated mortality and host immune response explain age-related difference in blood parasitism in birds.Oecologia.135:542–547.
- Sadiq, N. A, Adejinmi, J. O., Adedokun, O. A, Fashanu, S. O., Alimi, A. A and Sofunmade, Y. T. (2003). Ectoparasites and haemoparasites of indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) in Ibadan and environs. Tropical Veterinarian, 21:187-191
- Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T.A., Palinauskas, V., Ilgūnas, M and Bernotienė, R. (2015). The evidence for rapid gametocyte viability changes in the course of parasitaemia in Haemoproteus parasites. Parasitology Research., 114(8): 2903-2909.
- Valkiûnas, G. (2005). Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. CRC Press, Boca Ratón, USA. Weiss, D. J. and Wardrop K. J. (2010). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., U.S.A.
References
Adeyemo, A. A, Onikoyi, M. P (2012). Prospects and challenges of large-scale commercial poultry production in Nigeria. Agricultural Journal. 7: 388-393.
Argilla, L. S., Howe, L., Gartrell, D. and Alley, M. R. (2013). High prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in the sub-Antarctic regions of New Zealand. Parasitology., 140: 672–682.
Astudillo, V. G., Hernández, S. M., Kistler, W. H., Boone, S. L., Lipp, E. K., Shrestha, S. and Yabsley, M.J. (2013). Spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in Georgia, USA. International Journal of Parasitology and Parasites of Wildlife., 2:178–189.
Bakoji, I., Aliyu, M. K., Haruna, U., Jibril, S. A., Sani, R. M. and Danwanka, H. (2013). Economic Analysis of Quails Bird (Cortunixcortunix) Production in Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sci., 2(12): 420-425.
Cotter, P. F. (2014). An examination of the utility of heterophil-lymphocyte ratios in assessing stress of caged hens. Poultry Science., 94: 512–517.
Cerny, O., Votypka, J., Svobodová, M. (2011). Spatial feeding preferences of ornithophilic mosquitoes, blackflies and biting midges. Medicine and Veterinary Entomology., 25:104–108.
Central Bank of Nigeria (2013). CBN Statistical Bulletin, CBN Publication. Available:http://www.cenbank.org/docume nts/data.asp (Accessed 19 January 2013).
Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements checklist of birds of the world, 6th ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Cheesbrough, M. (2000). District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Low-price edition, UK. Protozoology. 1: 134- 140
Dunn, J. C, Goodman, S. J, Benton, T. G, Hamer, K. C. (2013). Avian blood parasite infection during the nonbreeding season: an overlooked issue in declining populations? BMC Ecology. 13:30.
Garba, A. M (2008). Structure of the poultry industry in Nigeria. Workshop Organized by ILRI – IFPRI, 17th June 2008, Ibadan, Nigeria, P.3.
Holmstad, P., Anwar, A., Lezhova, T. and Skorping, A. (2003). Standard sampling technique underestimates the prevalence of avian hematozoa in Willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). J. Wildl. dis., 39: 354-358.
Isaac, L.J., Abah, G., Akpan, B., Ekaette, I. U. (2013). Haematological properties of different breeds and sexes of rabbits, p.24-27. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria.
Jatoi, A. S, Sahota, A. W., Akram, M., Javed, K., Hussain, J., Mehmood, S. and Jaspal, M. H. (2013). Response of different body weights on blood serum chemistry values in four close-bred flocks of adult Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(5):1215–1220.
Karamba, K. I., Kawo, A. H., Dabo, N. T and Mukhtar, M. D. (2012). A survey of avian malaria parasite in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. InternationalJournal of Biotechnology and MolecularBiology Research. 3(1): 8-14.
Lambin, E. F., Van, W. S .O., Linard, C and Soti, V. (2010). Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. International Journal of Health Geography., 9:54.
Levin, I.I. and Parker, P.G. (2013). Haemosporidian parasites: impacts on avian hosts. In Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine – Current Therapy, Volume 7 (ed. Miller, R. E. and Fowler, M.), pp. 356–363. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, USA.
Merck Manual (2012). Haematologic reference ranges. Mareck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com
Mavuti, S. K. (2010). Prevalence, intensity and pathology associated with parasitic infections of ducks in Nairobi and its environs. MSc. Thesis, University of Nairobi.
Njunga, G. R. (2003). Ecto- and haemoparasites of chicken in Malawi with emphasis on the effects of the chicken louse, Menacanthus cornutus. MSc thesis. The Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Denmark
Olayemi, O. A, Jubril, A. J and Adekola, A. A. (2014). Prevalence of Haemoparasites in Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of World's Poultry Research.,4(4): 89-93.
Owen, O. J and Dike, U. A. (2013). Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Husbandry: A means of increasing Animal Protein Base in Developing Countries. Journal of Agriculture Environment and Ethics 5(1):1-4.
Onyewuchi, U. U, Offor, I.R, Okoli, C. F. (2013): Profitability of quail bird and egg production in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 9(1):40-44.
Peninah, W. A., Robert, M. W., Paul, G. M., James, M. N and Lilly, C. B. (2020). Haemato-biochemical changes and prevalence of parasitic infections of indigenous chicken sold in markets of Kiambu County, Kenya. Journal of Veterinary Science, 8(1): 18–25.
Pacheco, M. A., Matta, N. E., Valkiunas, G., Parker, P. G., Mello, B., Stanley, C. E. Lentino M, Garcia-Amado, M. A., Cranfield, M. (2018). Mode and rate of evolution of haemosporidian mitochondrial genomes: Timing the radiation of avian parasites. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35: 383–403.
Potti, J. (2007). Variation in the haematocrit of a passerine bird across life stages is mainly of environmental origin. Journal of Avian Biology, 38:726–730.
Rawaa, G. M. (2012). Diagnostic Study on Microfilariae and Some Blood Protozoa In Quail Birds (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) In Nineveh Governorate. Bazilian Journalof Veterinary Research., 11(1): 32.
Sabuni,Z. A., Mbuthia, P. G., Maingi, N., Nyaga, P. N., Njagi, L. W., Bebora, L. C and Michieka, J. N. (2011). Prevalence of haemoparasites infection in indigenous chicken in the Eastern Province of Kenya. LRRD. 23(238).
Sol, D., Jovani, R . and Torres, J. (2003). Parasite mediated mortality and host immune response explain age-related difference in blood parasitism in birds.Oecologia.135:542–547.
Sadiq, N. A, Adejinmi, J. O., Adedokun, O. A, Fashanu, S. O., Alimi, A. A and Sofunmade, Y. T. (2003). Ectoparasites and haemoparasites of indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) in Ibadan and environs. Tropical Veterinarian, 21:187-191
Valkiūnas, G., Iezhova, T.A., Palinauskas, V., Ilgūnas, M and Bernotienė, R. (2015). The evidence for rapid gametocyte viability changes in the course of parasitaemia in Haemoproteus parasites. Parasitology Research., 114(8): 2903-2909.
Valkiûnas, G. (2005). Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. CRC Press, Boca Ratón, USA. Weiss, D. J. and Wardrop K. J. (2010). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., U.S.A.