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Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linn) [Cucurbitaceae] is a famous vegetable crop used for food since ancient times but little is known of its antibacterial potential. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of the aqueous and ethanol fruit extracts of the plant against some clinical isolates (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium spp) using the disc diffusion method. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, cardenolites and flavonoids. Corynebacterium spp was the most susceptible (with maximum inhibition zone of 30.00±0.00 mm). The two extracts had varied antibacterial activity at the same level. At the concentration of 400mg/ml, aqueous extract inhibited S. aureus, Corynebacterium spp, E. coli and K. pneumoniae, while ethanol extract inhibited S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. typhi and Corynebacterium spp. B. subtilis was inhibited only at the highest (significant) concentration of 600mg/ml (7.00±0.00 mm)[p<0.05]. The MIC value for both extracts against Corynebacterium spp was 25mg/ml. The MBC value against Corynebacterium spp was observed at 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml for the aqueous and ethanol extract respectively. The results suggest that the ethanol extract was bactericidal at low concentration while the aqueous extract was bacteriostatic at low concentration and bactericidal at high concentration against Corynebacterium spp. The difference between the MBC for the two extracts was significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that extract of C. sativus could be a potential source of natural antibacterial agent
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References
- Anjana, S., Verma, R. and Ramteke, P. (2009). Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used by Tribals Against UTI Causing Pathogens. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(3):332-339.
- Datsu, R. K., Abdulrahman, F. I., Akan, J. C. and Sodipo, O. A. (2009). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of ethyl acetate extract of Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. Stem bark. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2):842-849.
- Jing, T., Xiangjie, M., Hao, L., Jianglin, Z., Ligang, Z., Minghua, Q., Xianming, Z., Zhu, Y. and Fuyu, Y. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity of Sphingolipids Isolated from the Stems of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Molecules, 15: 9288-9297.
- Akanmu, A. O., Balogun, S. T., Tuksa, A. D., Sodipo, O. A. and Gulani, I. A. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Sesamum radiatum (Schum and Thonn.). Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(1): 10 - 18.
- Andrews, M. J. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.,48(1):5-16.
- Ankita, S., Kaur, P. and Gupta, R. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assay of various seeds extracts of Curcubitaceae family. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 3(3):401-409.
- Atanasov, A. G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E. M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin, P., Temml, V., Wang, L., Schwaiger, S., Heiss, E. H., Rollinger, J. M., Schuster, D., Breuss, J. M., Bochkov, V., Mihovilovic, M. D., Kopp, B., Bauer, R., Dirsch, V. M. and Stuppner, H. (2015). Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances.33(8):1582-1614.
- Brain, K. R. and Turner, T. D. (1975). The Practical Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals. J. Wright-Scientechnica. Bristol. pp 190-191.
- Dar, F. A., Shahnawaz, M. and Qazi, P. H. (2017). General overview of medicinal plants: A review. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(6): 349-351.
- Dhama, K., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Saminathan, M., Kumar, A., Karthik, K., Wani, M. Y., Amarpal, Vir Singh, S. and Rahal, A. (2014). Evidence Based Antibacterial Potentials of Medicinal Plants and Herbs Countering Bacterial Pathogens Especially in the Era of Emerging Drug Resistance: An Integrated Update. International Journal of Pharmacology, 10(1): 1-43.
- Evans, C. W. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. Saunders Elsevier. Edinburgh London New York Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto, Printed In China. Pp. 196-197,225-227,229-232,561.
- Fapohunda, S. O., Adewumi, A. A. and Jegede, D. O. (2018). Cucurbitaceae - the family that nourishes and heals. MicroMedicine, 6(2): 85-93.
- Gadisa, E. and Tadesse, E. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants used for urinary tract infections in pastoralist community in Ethiopia. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1):74-82.
- Gadisa, E., Weldearegay, G., Desta, K., Tsegaye, G., Hailu, S., Jote, K. and Takele, A. (2019). Combined antibacterial effect of essential oils from three most commonly used Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants on multidrug resistant bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19(1):24-33.
- Georgios, S., Eleni, M., Theodore G. S. and Ionna C. (2010). Chemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three Greek cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Cultivars. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 34:61-78.
- Gopalakrishnan, S. B. and Kalaiarasi, T. (2014). Screening of various extracts of the fruits of Cucumis sativus Linn. for antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 3(5):1200-1205.
- GraphPad Prism. GraphPad Software Version 5.01 Inc., San Diego CA, 2007. www.graphpad.com
- Jackson, N., Czaplewski, L. and Piddock, L. J. V. (2018). Discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs: learning from experience?, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73(6):1452–1459.
- Mandey, J. S., Wolayan, F. R., Pontoh, C. J. and Kowel, Y. H. S. (2020). Effect of orally administrated of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed juice on the performance and carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Earth and Environmental Science, 492:1-5.
- Markham, K. R. (1987). Techniques of Flavonoids Identification. Academic Press, New York, USA., Pp. 1-113.
- Saeedi, R., Sultana, A. and Rahman, K. (2020). Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of different parts of Cucumis sativus Linn: an update. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,11(4): 1549-1556.
- Sahu, T. and Sahu, J. (2015). Cucumis sativus (Cucumber): A review on its pharmacological activity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research. 3(1): 4 – 9.
- Serweci´nska, L. (2020) Review Antimicrobials and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Risk to the Environment and to Public Health. Water,12:3313.
- Silver, L. G., Lee, I. S. and Afkinnghorn, D. A. (1998). Special Problem with Extraction of Plants in Natural Product Isolation (Cannel R J.D). Human Press Inc.999, Review Drive, Suite 208 totowa. New Jersey USA 072512. Pp. 343-364.
- Sofowora, A. (2008). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd. Ibadan, Nigeria. p. 289.
- Usman, H. and Osuji, J. C. (2007). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Assay of the Leave Extract of NewbouldiaLaevis. Afr. J. Trad. CAM., 4(4):476-480.
- Ventola C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T: a Peer-Reviewed Journal for Managed Care and Hospital Formulary Management, 40(4), 277–283.
- Vishnoi, N. R. (1979). Advanced Practical Chemistry, Yikas Publication House PVT Ltd Ghaziabad-India. Pp. 44-449.
References
Anjana, S., Verma, R. and Ramteke, P. (2009). Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used by Tribals Against UTI Causing Pathogens. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(3):332-339.
Datsu, R. K., Abdulrahman, F. I., Akan, J. C. and Sodipo, O. A. (2009). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of ethyl acetate extract of Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. Stem bark. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2):842-849.
Jing, T., Xiangjie, M., Hao, L., Jianglin, Z., Ligang, Z., Minghua, Q., Xianming, Z., Zhu, Y. and Fuyu, Y. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity of Sphingolipids Isolated from the Stems of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Molecules, 15: 9288-9297.
Akanmu, A. O., Balogun, S. T., Tuksa, A. D., Sodipo, O. A. and Gulani, I. A. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Sesamum radiatum (Schum and Thonn.). Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(1): 10 - 18.
Andrews, M. J. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.,48(1):5-16.
Ankita, S., Kaur, P. and Gupta, R. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assay of various seeds extracts of Curcubitaceae family. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 3(3):401-409.
Atanasov, A. G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E. M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin, P., Temml, V., Wang, L., Schwaiger, S., Heiss, E. H., Rollinger, J. M., Schuster, D., Breuss, J. M., Bochkov, V., Mihovilovic, M. D., Kopp, B., Bauer, R., Dirsch, V. M. and Stuppner, H. (2015). Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances.33(8):1582-1614.
Brain, K. R. and Turner, T. D. (1975). The Practical Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals. J. Wright-Scientechnica. Bristol. pp 190-191.
Dar, F. A., Shahnawaz, M. and Qazi, P. H. (2017). General overview of medicinal plants: A review. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(6): 349-351.
Dhama, K., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Saminathan, M., Kumar, A., Karthik, K., Wani, M. Y., Amarpal, Vir Singh, S. and Rahal, A. (2014). Evidence Based Antibacterial Potentials of Medicinal Plants and Herbs Countering Bacterial Pathogens Especially in the Era of Emerging Drug Resistance: An Integrated Update. International Journal of Pharmacology, 10(1): 1-43.
Evans, C. W. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. Saunders Elsevier. Edinburgh London New York Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto, Printed In China. Pp. 196-197,225-227,229-232,561.
Fapohunda, S. O., Adewumi, A. A. and Jegede, D. O. (2018). Cucurbitaceae - the family that nourishes and heals. MicroMedicine, 6(2): 85-93.
Gadisa, E. and Tadesse, E. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants used for urinary tract infections in pastoralist community in Ethiopia. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1):74-82.
Gadisa, E., Weldearegay, G., Desta, K., Tsegaye, G., Hailu, S., Jote, K. and Takele, A. (2019). Combined antibacterial effect of essential oils from three most commonly used Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants on multidrug resistant bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19(1):24-33.
Georgios, S., Eleni, M., Theodore G. S. and Ionna C. (2010). Chemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three Greek cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Cultivars. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 34:61-78.
Gopalakrishnan, S. B. and Kalaiarasi, T. (2014). Screening of various extracts of the fruits of Cucumis sativus Linn. for antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 3(5):1200-1205.
GraphPad Prism. GraphPad Software Version 5.01 Inc., San Diego CA, 2007. www.graphpad.com
Jackson, N., Czaplewski, L. and Piddock, L. J. V. (2018). Discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs: learning from experience?, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73(6):1452–1459.
Mandey, J. S., Wolayan, F. R., Pontoh, C. J. and Kowel, Y. H. S. (2020). Effect of orally administrated of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed juice on the performance and carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Earth and Environmental Science, 492:1-5.
Markham, K. R. (1987). Techniques of Flavonoids Identification. Academic Press, New York, USA., Pp. 1-113.
Saeedi, R., Sultana, A. and Rahman, K. (2020). Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of different parts of Cucumis sativus Linn: an update. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,11(4): 1549-1556.
Sahu, T. and Sahu, J. (2015). Cucumis sativus (Cucumber): A review on its pharmacological activity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research. 3(1): 4 – 9.
Serweci´nska, L. (2020) Review Antimicrobials and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Risk to the Environment and to Public Health. Water,12:3313.
Silver, L. G., Lee, I. S. and Afkinnghorn, D. A. (1998). Special Problem with Extraction of Plants in Natural Product Isolation (Cannel R J.D). Human Press Inc.999, Review Drive, Suite 208 totowa. New Jersey USA 072512. Pp. 343-364.
Sofowora, A. (2008). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd. Ibadan, Nigeria. p. 289.
Usman, H. and Osuji, J. C. (2007). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Assay of the Leave Extract of NewbouldiaLaevis. Afr. J. Trad. CAM., 4(4):476-480.
Ventola C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T: a Peer-Reviewed Journal for Managed Care and Hospital Formulary Management, 40(4), 277–283.
Vishnoi, N. R. (1979). Advanced Practical Chemistry, Yikas Publication House PVT Ltd Ghaziabad-India. Pp. 44-449.