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Abstract
Haematostaphis barteri Hook. f. is a tree belonging to the Family Anacardiaceae whose morphological parts have been used for decades for treating various diseases in Northern Nigeria. This study aimed to prepare chitosan nanoparticles from crab shells and evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of chitosan loaded with stembark extract from H. barteri. Phytochemical screening of extract, preparation of chitosan, and evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were carried out following standard procedures. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides while steroids, triterpenes and anthracenes were absent. The LD50 of the crude methanol extract in Wistar albino rats was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and after 14 days of single dose oral administration. No signs of toxicity were recorded. Prepared chitosan nanoparticle loaded with extract has a yield of 26.54 %, particle size of 210 ± 1.01 nm, zeta potential of 25.4 ± 1.02 V, drug entrapment efficiency of 68.4 %, cumulative drug release of 88.24 % and swelling index of 58.14 %. The extract produced a dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The chitosan-loaded extract produced the highest inhibition of writhing and paw oedema diameter in the rats, which was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with the normal controls and standards. In conclusion, the study showed that chitosan-loaded stembark extract from H. barteri possessed more potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities than those delivered without chitosan nanoparticles. The study further affirms the potential usefulness use of the stembark extract for the treatment of pain and inflammation.
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References
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- Boampong, J. N. (2015). In Vivo Antiplasmodial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Properties, and Safety Profile of Root Extracts of Haematostaphis barteri Hook F. (Anacardiaceae). Journal of Parasitology Research, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/872892
- Desai, K. G. H., and Park, H. J. (2005). Preparation and characterization of drug-loaded chitosan-tripolyphosphate microspheres by spray drying. Drug Development Research, 64(2), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.10416
- Ezekiel, J. S., Adamu, H. M., Chindo, I. Y., and Garba, I. H. (2016). Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities of solvent-solvent fractions of Haematostaphis barteri hook F. (Anacardiaceae) stem bark extracts. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(1), 51–56.
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- Khalifa, M. A. (2022). Original Article Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies, 8(4), 279–290.
- Kumar, D. A., Dharmendra, S., Jhansee, M., Shrikant, N., P, P. S., and Shan, V. B. (2011). Development and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(May), 145–151.
- Lima Bezerra, J. J., Saturnino de Oliveira, J. R., Lúcia de Menezes Lima, V., Vanusa da Silva, M., Cavalcante de Araújo, D. R., and Morais de Oliveira, A. F. (2022). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler (Cyperaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 284(October 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114811
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- Ukwubile, C. A. (2015). Tumor Targetability and Anti-Ovarian Cancer Effect of Docetaxel-Loaded Folate Modified Annonamuricata Linn. (Annonaceae) Chitosan Nanoparticles. Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, 1(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1166/nmb.2014.1004
- Vllasaliu, D., Casettari, L., Bonacucina, G., Cespi, M., Palmieri, G., and Illum, L. (2013). Folic Acid Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 1(3), 184–203. https://doi.org/10.2174/22117385113019990001
- Yemitan, O. K., and Adeyemi, O. O. (2017). Mechanistic assessment of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic actions of Dalbergia saxatilis in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 898–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1283706
- Yimer, T., Birru, E. M., Adugna, M., Geta, M., and Emiru, Y. K. (2020). Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanol root extract of echinops kebericho m. (asteraceae). Journal of Inflammation Research, 13, 647–658. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S267154
- Younes, I., and Rinaudo, M. (2015). Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Marine Drugs, 13(3), 1133–1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133
References
Alamgir, A. N. M. (2017). Introduction BT - Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts: Volume 1: Pharmacognosy (A. N. M. Alamgir (ed.); pp. 1–17). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63862-1_1
Baeshen, N. A., Almulaiky, Y. Q., Afifi, M., Al-farga, A., Ali, H. A., Baeshen, N. N., Abomughaid, M. M., Abdelazim, A. M., and Baeshen, M. N. (2023). GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Plant Rhazya stricta Using Various Solvents.
Boampong, J. N. (2015). In Vivo Antiplasmodial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Properties, and Safety Profile of Root Extracts of Haematostaphis barteri Hook F. (Anacardiaceae). Journal of Parasitology Research, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/872892
Desai, K. G. H., and Park, H. J. (2005). Preparation and characterization of drug-loaded chitosan-tripolyphosphate microspheres by spray drying. Drug Development Research, 64(2), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.10416
Ezekiel, J. S., Adamu, H. M., Chindo, I. Y., and Garba, I. H. (2016). Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities of solvent-solvent fractions of Haematostaphis barteri hook F. (Anacardiaceae) stem bark extracts. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(1), 51–56.
Fyad, K., Belboukhari, N., Hadj-Khelil, A. O. El, and Sekkoum, K. (2020). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 7(9), 4002–4009. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v7i9.632
Guo, H., Li, F., Qiu, H., Liu, J., Qin, S., Hou, Y., and Wang, C. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Chemotherapy of Melanoma Through Enhancing Tumor Penetration. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11(March), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00317
Javid, A., Ahmadian, S., Saboury, A. A., Kalantar, S. M., and Rezaei-Zarchi, S. (2013). Chitosan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery: Synthesis and anticancer effect against human ovarian cancer cells. Chemical Biology and Drug Design, 82(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12145
Jha, R., and Mayanovic, R. A. (2023). A Review of the Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine. Nanomaterials, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081302
Khalifa, M. A. (2022). Original Article Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies, 8(4), 279–290.
Kumar, D. A., Dharmendra, S., Jhansee, M., Shrikant, N., P, P. S., and Shan, V. B. (2011). Development and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(May), 145–151.
Lima Bezerra, J. J., Saturnino de Oliveira, J. R., Lúcia de Menezes Lima, V., Vanusa da Silva, M., Cavalcante de Araújo, D. R., and Morais de Oliveira, A. F. (2022). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler (Cyperaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 284(October 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114811
Samadori, S. H. B., Jacob, K. M., Bai, S. C. D., Ogoudje, I. A., Fidele, T. M., and Armand, K. N. (2017). Uses of Haematostaphis barteri Hook.f. among the Waaba and Btammarib in North-Benin and impact on the species vulnerability. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 9(5), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijbc2016.1063
Soutter, B. W. (2013). Chitosan Nanoparticles - Properties and Formation of Chitosan Nanoparticles. 1–3. http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx/ArticleID=3232
State, O., Biology, C., State, D., and Akporhuarho, A. (2023). GC-MS Characterized Bioactive Constituents and Antioxidant Capacities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Rauvolfia Vomitoria : A Comparative Study. 21(2), 479–499.
Ukwubile, C. A. (2015). Tumor Targetability and Anti-Ovarian Cancer Effect of Docetaxel-Loaded Folate Modified Annonamuricata Linn. (Annonaceae) Chitosan Nanoparticles. Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, 1(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1166/nmb.2014.1004
Vllasaliu, D., Casettari, L., Bonacucina, G., Cespi, M., Palmieri, G., and Illum, L. (2013). Folic Acid Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 1(3), 184–203. https://doi.org/10.2174/22117385113019990001
Yemitan, O. K., and Adeyemi, O. O. (2017). Mechanistic assessment of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic actions of Dalbergia saxatilis in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 898–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1283706
Yimer, T., Birru, E. M., Adugna, M., Geta, M., and Emiru, Y. K. (2020). Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanol root extract of echinops kebericho m. (asteraceae). Journal of Inflammation Research, 13, 647–658. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S267154
Younes, I., and Rinaudo, M. (2015). Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Marine Drugs, 13(3), 1133–1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133