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Postoperative analgesic effects of tramadol and diclofenac in goats presented for diaphyseal femoral fracture management were compared. Eight adult goats aged 10 to 24 months (16±5.2 months) were used. The first group of 4 goats received 3 mg/kg of tramadol intramuscularly (IM), and 2.5 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium was administered to the second group of 4 goats before induction of anesthesia IM. Mechanical pain scores, clinico-physiological and red and white blood cell counts were evaluated over a period of twelve hours post drug administration. The study groups were not revealed to the postoperative pain assessors until the end of the study. There was no significant difference in the rectal temperature values and the analgesiometer readings between the tramadol and diclofenac groups (p<0.05). The variations in the pulse rate, respiratory rate, red and white blood cell counts between the groups fluctuated within the normal physiological limits.It was therefore concluded that preoperative intramuscular administration of tramadol at 3 mg/kg provided similar effective postoperative analgesia with diclofenac at 2.5 mg/kg IM following femoral diaphyseal fracture management in goats.
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References
- Abu-Seida A. M. A. (2012). Efficacy of Diclofenac Sodium, Either Alone or Together with Cefotaxime Sodium, for Control of Postoperative Pain, in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7 (2): 180-186.
- Ahmad I., Qureshi T. A., Sadique U., Khan S. A., Ahmed S., Rehman Z. U., Bahadar S. andMushtaq M. (2013). Hematological Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Goat. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(1): 103-107.
- Aktaruzzaman M., Alam J., Rahman A. and Hossain M. M. (2008). Clinico-Haematological Effect of Selected NSAID in The Treatment of Experimentally Produced Myositis in Goat. Baghdad Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(1): 99–102.
- Al-Bulushi S., Shawaf T. and Al-Hasani A. (2017). Some hematological and biochemical parameters of different goat breeds in Sultanate of Oman “A preliminary study”, Veterinary World, 10(4): 461-466.
- Aldiwan M. A., Alzobidy A. M. H. andYounis M. A. (2015). The effect of Tramadol on some blood and biochemical parameters of male rats (Rattusnorvegicus). Baghdad Science Journal, 12(3), 496-502.
- Bateman S. W., Haldane S. and Stephens J. A. (2008). Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs and cats: a randomized blinded study. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 35, 341-347.
- Booth D. M. (2001). The Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory Drugs. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8th Edition., The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA., USA., 432-449.
- Brogden R. N., Heel, R. C. andPakes, G. E. (1980). Diclofenac sodium: A Review of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in Rheumatic Diseases and Pain of Varying Origin. 24-48.
- Brondani J. T., Loureiroluna S. P., Beier S. L., Minto B. W. andPadovani C. R. (2009). Analgesic efficacy of perioperative use of vedaprofen, tramadol or their combination in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11 (6): 420-429.
- Buhari S., Kalthum H., Goh Y. M., Noordin M. M. andSiewHua G. (2012). Subcutaneous Administration of Tramadol after Elective Surgery Is as Effective as Intravenous Administration in Relieving Acute Pain and Inflammation in Dogs. The Scientific World Journal, 1-7.
- Buhagiar L., Cassar O. A., Brincat M. P., Buttigieg G. G., Inglott A. S., Adami M. Z. and Azzopardi L. M. (2011). Predictors of post-caesarean section pain and analgesic consumption. Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology, 27(2), 185-191.
- Buvanendran A., Kroin, J. S. andTuman, K. J. (2003). Effects of Perioperative Administration of a Selective Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor on Pain Management and Recovery of Function after Knee Replacement: A Randomized Control Trial, 290: 2411-2418.
- De Sousa A. B., Santos A. C. D., Schramm S. G., Porta V., Górniak S. L., Florio J. C. H. and de Souza S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31(1): 45-51.
- Devi N. S. and Singh K. N. (2018). Comparison of lignocaine 2% with adrenaline and a mixture of bupivacaine 0.5% plus lignocaine 2% with hyaluronidase for peribulbar block analgesia, Journal of Medical Society, 32(3): 190-194.
- Guedes A. G. P., Natalini, C. C., Robinson E. P., Alves S. D. L. and Oliveira S. T. (2005). Epidural administration of tramadol as an analgesic technique in dogs submitted to stifle surgery. The International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(4): 352-359.
- Haussler K. K., Hill A. E., Frisbie D. D. and McIlwraith C. W. (2007). Determination and use of mechanical nociceptive thresholds of the thoracic limb to assess pain associated with induced osteoarthritis of the middle carpal joint in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(11), 1167-1176.
- Hellyer P., Rodan I., Brunt J., Dwning R., Hagedorn J. E. and Robertson S. A. (2007). Pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 9(6): 466-480.
- Hong Y. (2005). The Effect of Preoperative Ketorolac on WBC Response and Pain in Laparoscopic Surgery for Endometriosis. Yonsei Medical Journal, 46(6): 812-817.
- Katz J., Kavanagh B. P..and Sandler A. N. (1992). Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology, 77: 439–446.
- Kissin I. (2000). Preemptive analgesia. Anesthesiology, 93: 1138–1143.
- Koknaroglu H. and Akunal T. (2013). Animal welfare: an animal science approach. Meat Science. 95:821–827.
- KuKanich B. andPapich, M. G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadolin dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27(4): 239-246.
- Lamont L. A. and Mathews K. A. (2007). Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and analgesic adjuvants. Lumb and Jone. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, 241-272.
- Landa L. (2012). Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review. VeterinarniMedicina. 57:85–192.
- Laredo F. G., Belda E., Murciano J., Escobar M., Navarro A., Robinson K. J. and Jones R. S. (2004). Comparison of the analgesic effects of meloxicam and carprofen administered preoperatively to dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Veterinary Record, 155: 667-671.
- Lascelles B. D. X. (1999). Preoperative analgesia-opioids and NSAIDs. Waltham Focus®, 9(4): 2-9.
- Lascelles B. D. X. andMair T. S. (2001). Drugs Used in the Treatment of Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System and Joints. In: The Veterinary Formulary, 5th Edition., Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK., 469-487.
- Lee L. (2011). Pain management via systemic approach beyond opioids. In: Proceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress. Jeju, Korea. www.wsava2011.org.
- Mastrocinque S. andFantoni, D. T. (2003). A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 30(4): 220-228.
- McMillan C. J., Livingston A., Clark C. R., Dowling P. M., Taylor S. M., Duke T. andTerlinden R. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of intravenous tramadol in dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(4): 325-331.
- Moak P., Hosgood G., Rowe E. and Lemke K. A. (2010). Evaluation of intra-articular and subcutaneous administration of meloxicam for postoperative analgesia following stifle surgery in dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24(1), 32-38.
- Morgaz J., Navarrete R., Munoz-Rascon P., Dominguez J. M., Fernandez-Sarmiento J. A., Gomez-Villamandos R. J. and Granados M. M. (2013). Postoperative analgesic effects of dexketoprofen, buprenorphine and tramadol in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Research in Veterinary Science, 95: 278–282.
- Natalini C. C. and Robinson E. P. (2000). “Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol in horses,” American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61(12): 1579–1586.
- Okafor R. O. S., Remi-Adewunmi B. D., Fadason S. T., Ayo J. O. and Muhammed S. M. (2014). Evaluation of the effect of piroxicam and ascorbic acid combination on live weight and rectal temperature of savannah brown goats during post-operative pain management, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 43(4): 439-444.
- Ortega M. and Cruz I. (2011). Evaluation of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine for balanced anesthesia in dogs undergoing surgery, The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52(8):856-60.
- Polianskis R., Graven-Nielsen T. and Arendt-Nielsen L. (2002). Spatial and temporal aspects of deep tissue pain assessed by cuff algometry. Pain, 100(1), 19-26.
- Pollock R. E., Lotzova E. and Stanford S. D. (1991). Mechanism of surgical stress impairment of human perioperative natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Archive of Surgery, 126(3), 338-342.
- Reid J., Nolan A. M., Hughes J. M. L., Lascelles D., Pawson P. and Scott E. M. (2007). Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score. Animal Welfare-Potters Bar Then Wheathampstead, 16:97.
- Sanford J., Ewbank R., Molony V., Tavenor W. D. and Uvarov O. (2006). Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. Veterinary Research Communication. 31:801–808.
- Singh K., Kinjavdekar P., Amarpal A. H. P., Gopinathan A., Singh G. R., Pawde A. M. andPratap K. (2007). Comparison of the analgesic, clinicophysiological and hematobiochemical effects of epidural bupivacaine in healthy and uremic goats. Small Ruminant Research. 71: 13-20.
- Singh P. (1999). Xylazine, ketamine, lignocaine and their combinations for lumbar epidural analgesia in buffalo calves. MVSc Thesis, submitted to Deemed University, IVRI, Izatnagar.
- Slingsby L. (2010). Considerations for prospective studies in animal analgesia. Veterinary Anaesthia and Analgesia, 37: 303-305.
- Tesfaye W., Awukew A. and Thomas N. (2017). Post-operative Pain and its Management in Local Breed Sheep: A Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 4: 3.
- Wagner A. E., Gaynor J. S. and Muir W. W. (2002). Handbook of veterinary pain management. 9: 164-183.
- Waterman A. E. andKalthum W. (1989). Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Pethidine in Dogs and the Influence of Anaesthesia and Surgery. The Veterinary Record, 124(12): 293-6.
- Witmer D., Marshall S. T., Browner B. D., Beauchamp R. D., Evers B. M., Kenneth M. andSabiston L. (2016). “Emergency care of musculoskeletal injuries”. In Courtney Textbook of Surgery (20th edition). Elsevier. 462-504.
References
Abu-Seida A. M. A. (2012). Efficacy of Diclofenac Sodium, Either Alone or Together with Cefotaxime Sodium, for Control of Postoperative Pain, in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7 (2): 180-186.
Ahmad I., Qureshi T. A., Sadique U., Khan S. A., Ahmed S., Rehman Z. U., Bahadar S. andMushtaq M. (2013). Hematological Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Goat. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(1): 103-107.
Aktaruzzaman M., Alam J., Rahman A. and Hossain M. M. (2008). Clinico-Haematological Effect of Selected NSAID in The Treatment of Experimentally Produced Myositis in Goat. Baghdad Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(1): 99–102.
Al-Bulushi S., Shawaf T. and Al-Hasani A. (2017). Some hematological and biochemical parameters of different goat breeds in Sultanate of Oman “A preliminary study”, Veterinary World, 10(4): 461-466.
Aldiwan M. A., Alzobidy A. M. H. andYounis M. A. (2015). The effect of Tramadol on some blood and biochemical parameters of male rats (Rattusnorvegicus). Baghdad Science Journal, 12(3), 496-502.
Bateman S. W., Haldane S. and Stephens J. A. (2008). Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs and cats: a randomized blinded study. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 35, 341-347.
Booth D. M. (2001). The Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory Drugs. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8th Edition., The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA., USA., 432-449.
Brogden R. N., Heel, R. C. andPakes, G. E. (1980). Diclofenac sodium: A Review of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in Rheumatic Diseases and Pain of Varying Origin. 24-48.
Brondani J. T., Loureiroluna S. P., Beier S. L., Minto B. W. andPadovani C. R. (2009). Analgesic efficacy of perioperative use of vedaprofen, tramadol or their combination in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11 (6): 420-429.
Buhari S., Kalthum H., Goh Y. M., Noordin M. M. andSiewHua G. (2012). Subcutaneous Administration of Tramadol after Elective Surgery Is as Effective as Intravenous Administration in Relieving Acute Pain and Inflammation in Dogs. The Scientific World Journal, 1-7.
Buhagiar L., Cassar O. A., Brincat M. P., Buttigieg G. G., Inglott A. S., Adami M. Z. and Azzopardi L. M. (2011). Predictors of post-caesarean section pain and analgesic consumption. Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology, 27(2), 185-191.
Buvanendran A., Kroin, J. S. andTuman, K. J. (2003). Effects of Perioperative Administration of a Selective Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor on Pain Management and Recovery of Function after Knee Replacement: A Randomized Control Trial, 290: 2411-2418.
De Sousa A. B., Santos A. C. D., Schramm S. G., Porta V., Górniak S. L., Florio J. C. H. and de Souza S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31(1): 45-51.
Devi N. S. and Singh K. N. (2018). Comparison of lignocaine 2% with adrenaline and a mixture of bupivacaine 0.5% plus lignocaine 2% with hyaluronidase for peribulbar block analgesia, Journal of Medical Society, 32(3): 190-194.
Guedes A. G. P., Natalini, C. C., Robinson E. P., Alves S. D. L. and Oliveira S. T. (2005). Epidural administration of tramadol as an analgesic technique in dogs submitted to stifle surgery. The International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(4): 352-359.
Haussler K. K., Hill A. E., Frisbie D. D. and McIlwraith C. W. (2007). Determination and use of mechanical nociceptive thresholds of the thoracic limb to assess pain associated with induced osteoarthritis of the middle carpal joint in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(11), 1167-1176.
Hellyer P., Rodan I., Brunt J., Dwning R., Hagedorn J. E. and Robertson S. A. (2007). Pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 9(6): 466-480.
Hong Y. (2005). The Effect of Preoperative Ketorolac on WBC Response and Pain in Laparoscopic Surgery for Endometriosis. Yonsei Medical Journal, 46(6): 812-817.
Katz J., Kavanagh B. P..and Sandler A. N. (1992). Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology, 77: 439–446.
Kissin I. (2000). Preemptive analgesia. Anesthesiology, 93: 1138–1143.
Koknaroglu H. and Akunal T. (2013). Animal welfare: an animal science approach. Meat Science. 95:821–827.
KuKanich B. andPapich, M. G. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadolin dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27(4): 239-246.
Lamont L. A. and Mathews K. A. (2007). Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and analgesic adjuvants. Lumb and Jone. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, 241-272.
Landa L. (2012). Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review. VeterinarniMedicina. 57:85–192.
Laredo F. G., Belda E., Murciano J., Escobar M., Navarro A., Robinson K. J. and Jones R. S. (2004). Comparison of the analgesic effects of meloxicam and carprofen administered preoperatively to dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Veterinary Record, 155: 667-671.
Lascelles B. D. X. (1999). Preoperative analgesia-opioids and NSAIDs. Waltham Focus®, 9(4): 2-9.
Lascelles B. D. X. andMair T. S. (2001). Drugs Used in the Treatment of Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System and Joints. In: The Veterinary Formulary, 5th Edition., Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK., 469-487.
Lee L. (2011). Pain management via systemic approach beyond opioids. In: Proceedings of the 36th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress. Jeju, Korea. www.wsava2011.org.
Mastrocinque S. andFantoni, D. T. (2003). A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 30(4): 220-228.
McMillan C. J., Livingston A., Clark C. R., Dowling P. M., Taylor S. M., Duke T. andTerlinden R. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of intravenous tramadol in dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(4): 325-331.
Moak P., Hosgood G., Rowe E. and Lemke K. A. (2010). Evaluation of intra-articular and subcutaneous administration of meloxicam for postoperative analgesia following stifle surgery in dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24(1), 32-38.
Morgaz J., Navarrete R., Munoz-Rascon P., Dominguez J. M., Fernandez-Sarmiento J. A., Gomez-Villamandos R. J. and Granados M. M. (2013). Postoperative analgesic effects of dexketoprofen, buprenorphine and tramadol in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Research in Veterinary Science, 95: 278–282.
Natalini C. C. and Robinson E. P. (2000). “Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol in horses,” American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61(12): 1579–1586.
Okafor R. O. S., Remi-Adewunmi B. D., Fadason S. T., Ayo J. O. and Muhammed S. M. (2014). Evaluation of the effect of piroxicam and ascorbic acid combination on live weight and rectal temperature of savannah brown goats during post-operative pain management, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 43(4): 439-444.
Ortega M. and Cruz I. (2011). Evaluation of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine for balanced anesthesia in dogs undergoing surgery, The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52(8):856-60.
Polianskis R., Graven-Nielsen T. and Arendt-Nielsen L. (2002). Spatial and temporal aspects of deep tissue pain assessed by cuff algometry. Pain, 100(1), 19-26.
Pollock R. E., Lotzova E. and Stanford S. D. (1991). Mechanism of surgical stress impairment of human perioperative natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Archive of Surgery, 126(3), 338-342.
Reid J., Nolan A. M., Hughes J. M. L., Lascelles D., Pawson P. and Scott E. M. (2007). Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score. Animal Welfare-Potters Bar Then Wheathampstead, 16:97.
Sanford J., Ewbank R., Molony V., Tavenor W. D. and Uvarov O. (2006). Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. Veterinary Research Communication. 31:801–808.
Singh K., Kinjavdekar P., Amarpal A. H. P., Gopinathan A., Singh G. R., Pawde A. M. andPratap K. (2007). Comparison of the analgesic, clinicophysiological and hematobiochemical effects of epidural bupivacaine in healthy and uremic goats. Small Ruminant Research. 71: 13-20.
Singh P. (1999). Xylazine, ketamine, lignocaine and their combinations for lumbar epidural analgesia in buffalo calves. MVSc Thesis, submitted to Deemed University, IVRI, Izatnagar.
Slingsby L. (2010). Considerations for prospective studies in animal analgesia. Veterinary Anaesthia and Analgesia, 37: 303-305.
Tesfaye W., Awukew A. and Thomas N. (2017). Post-operative Pain and its Management in Local Breed Sheep: A Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 4: 3.
Wagner A. E., Gaynor J. S. and Muir W. W. (2002). Handbook of veterinary pain management. 9: 164-183.
Waterman A. E. andKalthum W. (1989). Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Pethidine in Dogs and the Influence of Anaesthesia and Surgery. The Veterinary Record, 124(12): 293-6.
Witmer D., Marshall S. T., Browner B. D., Beauchamp R. D., Evers B. M., Kenneth M. andSabiston L. (2016). “Emergency care of musculoskeletal injuries”. In Courtney Textbook of Surgery (20th edition). Elsevier. 462-504.