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Abstract
In a study to compare the durability of commonly used stains (Giemsa, Leishman, Wright, Eosin, Nigrosin and Gentian violet) for exfoliative vaginal cytology, vaginal smear was obtained from eleven apparently healthy West African Dwarf (WAD) female Goats and processed according to standard technique. Scores (0-3) were given on four parameters namely background of smears, overall staining pattern, cytoplasmic staining and nuclear staining. Quality index one (QI-I) was calculated from the ratio of score achieved to the maximum score possible (12), immediately post staining while quality index–II (QI-II) was obtained 35 days after. Calculation for durability index (DI) was self-derived and equalled to ratio of QI-II to QI-I. The data were presented as mean ± SEM. Multinomial logistic regression model was generated for the QI-I and QI-II using durability index as reference category. Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more durable than others with their mean DI values significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Gentian violet, Nigrosin and Eosin.The model showed 89.2% overall model accuracy for the multinomial logistic regression model and 81.5% for the multinomial Bayes Naïve regression model. In conclusion, Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more reliable and durable for exfoliative vaginal cytology compared to the other stains.
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References
- AL-abbadi, M.A. (2011). Basics of cytology. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 1 (1): 18-28.
- Almahmoud, I.A.A., Hussain, M.S. (2009). Comparison of the efficacy of three stains used for detection of cytological changes in Sudanese females with breast lumps. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 4: 275-277.
- Andjelic, S., Zupancic, G. and Hawlina, M. (2014). The effect of gentian violet on human anterior lens epithelial cells. Current Eye Research, 39 (10): 1020-1025.
- Antonov, A.L. (2016). Application of exfoliative vaginal cytology in clinical canine reproduction - A review. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 20: 193-203.
- Arlt, S. (2018). Canine ovulation timing: A survey on methodology and an assessment on reliability of vaginal cytology. Reproduction in Domestic Animal, 53 Suppl 3: 53-62.
- Aydin, I., Sur, E., Ozaydin, T. and Dinc, D. (2011). Determination of the stages of the sexual cycle of the bitch by direct examination. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10: 1962-1967.
- Bader, H., Genn, H.J., Klug, E., Martin, J.C. and Himmler, V. (1978). [Vaginal cytology studies in the horse]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 85 (6): 226-231.
- Barcia, J.J. (2007). The Giemsa stain: its history and applications. International Journal of Surgical Pathology, 15 (3): 292-296.
- Bjorndahl, L., Soderlund, I. and Kvist, U. (2003). Evaluation of the one-step eosin-nigrosin staining technique for human sperm vitality assessment. Human Reproduction, 18 (4): 813-816.
- Choudhary, P., Sudhamani, S., Pandit, A. and Kiri, V. (2012). Comparison of modified ultrafast Papanicolaou stain with the standard rapid Papanicolaou stain in cytology of various organs. Journal of Cytology, 29 (4): 241-245.
- Cora, M.C., Kooistra, L. and Travlos, G. (2015). Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse: Review and Criteria for the Staging of the Estrous Cycle Using Stained Vaginal Smears. Toxicologic Pathology, 43 (6): 776-793.
- Doddagowda, S.M., Shashidhar, H.A. and Prasad, C. (2017). Leishman-Giemsa Cocktail - Is it an Effective Stain for Air Dried Cytology Smears. Journal of Clinical Diagnosis Research, 11 (3): EC16-EC18.
- Durrant, B.S., Olson, M.A.D.A., and Garza, J. R. (2003). Vaginal cytology and vulvar swelling as indicators of impending estrus and ovulation in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Zoo Biology, 22 (4): 313 - 321.
- Fatet, A., Pellicer-Rubio, M.T. and Leboeuf, B. (2011). Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 124 (3-4): 211-219.
- Fukushima, M., Twiggs, L.B. and Okagaki, T. (1986). Mixed intestinal adenocarcinoma-argentaffin carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecologic Oncology, 23 (3): 387-394.
- Izhar, S., Kaur, R. and Masih, K. (2014). Efficacy of rapid, economical, acetic acid, Papanicolaou stain in cervical smears as an alternative to conventional Papanicolaou stain. Journal of Cytology, 31 (3): 154-157.
- Kamalkant Shastri, S. and Joshi, A. (2020). Modified Ultrafast Papanicolaou Stain in Ultrasound Guided FNAC of Intra-abdominal Lesions. Iran Journal of Pathology, 15:66-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32 215021
- Lanng, M.B., Moller, C.B., Andersen, A.H., Palsdottir, A.A., Roge, R., Ostergaard, L.R. and Jorgensen, A.S. (2019). Quality assessment of Ki67 staining using cell line proliferation index and stain intensity features. Cytometry A. 95: 381-388.
- Leigh, O., Raji, L. and Diakodue, E. (2013). Detection of Standing Heat In Bitches: Application of Vaginal Cytology. World Journal of Life Sciences and Medical Research 3(1): 21.
- Leigh, O.O., Raheem, A.K. and Olugbuyiro, J.A.O. (2010). Improving the Reproductive Efficiency of the Goat: Vaginal Cytology and Vulvar Biometry as Predictors of Synchronized Estrus/Breeding Time in West African Dwarf Goat. International Journal of Morphology, 28 (3): 923-928.
- Maley, A.M. and Arbiser, J.L. (2013). Gentian violet: a 19th century drug re-emerges in the 21st century. Experimental Dermatology, 22 (12): 775-780.
- Mclean, A.C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S. and Bennett, S.A. (2012). Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification. Journal of Visualized Experiment, (67): e4389.
- Miroud, K. and Noakes, D.E. (1990). Exfoliative vaginal cytology during the oestrous cycle of the cow, after ovariectomy, and after exogenous progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta. British Veterinary Journal, 146 (5): 387-397.
- Montes, G.S. and Luque, E.H. (1988). Effects of ovarian steroids on vaginal smears in the rat. Acta Anatomica (Basel). 133: 192-199.
- Ola, S.I., Sanni, W.A. and Egbunike, G. (2006). Exfoliative vaginal cytology during the oestrous cycle of West African dwarf goats. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46 (1): 87-95.
- Perez, C.C., Rodriguez, I., Dorado, J. and Hidalgo, M. (2005). Use of ultrafast Papanicolaou stain for exfoliative vaginal cytology in bitches. Veterinary Record, 156: 648-650.
- Raheem, K..A., Fayemi, E.O., Ameen, S.A. and Leigh, O. O. (2009). Selected fertility parameters of West African Goat experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Folia Veterinaria, 53 (2): 58-71.
- Raheem, A.K., Ameen, S.A. and Leigh, O.O. (2010). Optimal breeding time in bitch using vaginal cytology: A Case Report. Sahel Journal Veterinary Sciences, 9 (1): 7-11.
- Rhendyka, P.A., Suzanita, U., And Hana, E. (2017) The Relation of Body Temperature and Vaginal Cytology Examination in Time Artificial Insemination Rate Fat-tailed Sheep (Ovis Aries) in The District Sidoarjo East Java” In: The Veterinary Medicine International Conference, pp. 642-649.
- Romagnoli, S. (2017). Top 5 reproduction concerns in dogs. Clinician's Brief, 15: 82-88.
- Sareen, R., Kapil, M. and Gupta, G.N. (2018). Incubation and its effect on Leishman stain. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 10 (3): 357-361.
- Sharma, M. and Sharma, N. (2016). Vaginal Cytology: An Historical Perspective on its Diagnostic Use. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4: 283-288.
- Siregar, T.N., Melia, J., Rohaya, Thasmi, C.N., Masyitha, D., Wahyuni, S., Rosa, J., Nurhafni, Panjaitan, B. and Herrialfian,B. (2016). Determining Proportion of Exfoliative Vaginal Cell during Various Stages of Estrus Cycle Using Vaginal Cytology Techniques in Aceh Cattle. Veterinary Medicine International, 2016: 3976125.
- Srinivasan, M.R., Sabarinathan, A., Geetha, A., Shalini, K. and Sowmiya, M. (2017). A Comparative Study on Staining Techniques for Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology of Rat. Journal of Pharmacology & Clinical Research 3(3): 001-005.
- Wehrend, A., Von Plato, K. and Goericke-Pesch, S. (2013). Exfoliative vaginal cytology in the bitch--indications, procedure, interpretation. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 41 (4): 267-274.
References
AL-abbadi, M.A. (2011). Basics of cytology. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 1 (1): 18-28.
Almahmoud, I.A.A., Hussain, M.S. (2009). Comparison of the efficacy of three stains used for detection of cytological changes in Sudanese females with breast lumps. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 4: 275-277.
Andjelic, S., Zupancic, G. and Hawlina, M. (2014). The effect of gentian violet on human anterior lens epithelial cells. Current Eye Research, 39 (10): 1020-1025.
Antonov, A.L. (2016). Application of exfoliative vaginal cytology in clinical canine reproduction - A review. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 20: 193-203.
Arlt, S. (2018). Canine ovulation timing: A survey on methodology and an assessment on reliability of vaginal cytology. Reproduction in Domestic Animal, 53 Suppl 3: 53-62.
Aydin, I., Sur, E., Ozaydin, T. and Dinc, D. (2011). Determination of the stages of the sexual cycle of the bitch by direct examination. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10: 1962-1967.
Bader, H., Genn, H.J., Klug, E., Martin, J.C. and Himmler, V. (1978). [Vaginal cytology studies in the horse]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 85 (6): 226-231.
Barcia, J.J. (2007). The Giemsa stain: its history and applications. International Journal of Surgical Pathology, 15 (3): 292-296.
Bjorndahl, L., Soderlund, I. and Kvist, U. (2003). Evaluation of the one-step eosin-nigrosin staining technique for human sperm vitality assessment. Human Reproduction, 18 (4): 813-816.
Choudhary, P., Sudhamani, S., Pandit, A. and Kiri, V. (2012). Comparison of modified ultrafast Papanicolaou stain with the standard rapid Papanicolaou stain in cytology of various organs. Journal of Cytology, 29 (4): 241-245.
Cora, M.C., Kooistra, L. and Travlos, G. (2015). Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse: Review and Criteria for the Staging of the Estrous Cycle Using Stained Vaginal Smears. Toxicologic Pathology, 43 (6): 776-793.
Doddagowda, S.M., Shashidhar, H.A. and Prasad, C. (2017). Leishman-Giemsa Cocktail - Is it an Effective Stain for Air Dried Cytology Smears. Journal of Clinical Diagnosis Research, 11 (3): EC16-EC18.
Durrant, B.S., Olson, M.A.D.A., and Garza, J. R. (2003). Vaginal cytology and vulvar swelling as indicators of impending estrus and ovulation in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Zoo Biology, 22 (4): 313 - 321.
Fatet, A., Pellicer-Rubio, M.T. and Leboeuf, B. (2011). Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 124 (3-4): 211-219.
Fukushima, M., Twiggs, L.B. and Okagaki, T. (1986). Mixed intestinal adenocarcinoma-argentaffin carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecologic Oncology, 23 (3): 387-394.
Izhar, S., Kaur, R. and Masih, K. (2014). Efficacy of rapid, economical, acetic acid, Papanicolaou stain in cervical smears as an alternative to conventional Papanicolaou stain. Journal of Cytology, 31 (3): 154-157.
Kamalkant Shastri, S. and Joshi, A. (2020). Modified Ultrafast Papanicolaou Stain in Ultrasound Guided FNAC of Intra-abdominal Lesions. Iran Journal of Pathology, 15:66-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32 215021
Lanng, M.B., Moller, C.B., Andersen, A.H., Palsdottir, A.A., Roge, R., Ostergaard, L.R. and Jorgensen, A.S. (2019). Quality assessment of Ki67 staining using cell line proliferation index and stain intensity features. Cytometry A. 95: 381-388.
Leigh, O., Raji, L. and Diakodue, E. (2013). Detection of Standing Heat In Bitches: Application of Vaginal Cytology. World Journal of Life Sciences and Medical Research 3(1): 21.
Leigh, O.O., Raheem, A.K. and Olugbuyiro, J.A.O. (2010). Improving the Reproductive Efficiency of the Goat: Vaginal Cytology and Vulvar Biometry as Predictors of Synchronized Estrus/Breeding Time in West African Dwarf Goat. International Journal of Morphology, 28 (3): 923-928.
Maley, A.M. and Arbiser, J.L. (2013). Gentian violet: a 19th century drug re-emerges in the 21st century. Experimental Dermatology, 22 (12): 775-780.
Mclean, A.C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S. and Bennett, S.A. (2012). Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification. Journal of Visualized Experiment, (67): e4389.
Miroud, K. and Noakes, D.E. (1990). Exfoliative vaginal cytology during the oestrous cycle of the cow, after ovariectomy, and after exogenous progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta. British Veterinary Journal, 146 (5): 387-397.
Montes, G.S. and Luque, E.H. (1988). Effects of ovarian steroids on vaginal smears in the rat. Acta Anatomica (Basel). 133: 192-199.
Ola, S.I., Sanni, W.A. and Egbunike, G. (2006). Exfoliative vaginal cytology during the oestrous cycle of West African dwarf goats. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46 (1): 87-95.
Perez, C.C., Rodriguez, I., Dorado, J. and Hidalgo, M. (2005). Use of ultrafast Papanicolaou stain for exfoliative vaginal cytology in bitches. Veterinary Record, 156: 648-650.
Raheem, K..A., Fayemi, E.O., Ameen, S.A. and Leigh, O. O. (2009). Selected fertility parameters of West African Goat experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Folia Veterinaria, 53 (2): 58-71.
Raheem, A.K., Ameen, S.A. and Leigh, O.O. (2010). Optimal breeding time in bitch using vaginal cytology: A Case Report. Sahel Journal Veterinary Sciences, 9 (1): 7-11.
Rhendyka, P.A., Suzanita, U., And Hana, E. (2017) The Relation of Body Temperature and Vaginal Cytology Examination in Time Artificial Insemination Rate Fat-tailed Sheep (Ovis Aries) in The District Sidoarjo East Java” In: The Veterinary Medicine International Conference, pp. 642-649.
Romagnoli, S. (2017). Top 5 reproduction concerns in dogs. Clinician's Brief, 15: 82-88.
Sareen, R., Kapil, M. and Gupta, G.N. (2018). Incubation and its effect on Leishman stain. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 10 (3): 357-361.
Sharma, M. and Sharma, N. (2016). Vaginal Cytology: An Historical Perspective on its Diagnostic Use. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4: 283-288.
Siregar, T.N., Melia, J., Rohaya, Thasmi, C.N., Masyitha, D., Wahyuni, S., Rosa, J., Nurhafni, Panjaitan, B. and Herrialfian,B. (2016). Determining Proportion of Exfoliative Vaginal Cell during Various Stages of Estrus Cycle Using Vaginal Cytology Techniques in Aceh Cattle. Veterinary Medicine International, 2016: 3976125.
Srinivasan, M.R., Sabarinathan, A., Geetha, A., Shalini, K. and Sowmiya, M. (2017). A Comparative Study on Staining Techniques for Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology of Rat. Journal of Pharmacology & Clinical Research 3(3): 001-005.
Wehrend, A., Von Plato, K. and Goericke-Pesch, S. (2013). Exfoliative vaginal cytology in the bitch--indications, procedure, interpretation. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 41 (4): 267-274.