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Abstract
Meytenus senengalensis (Lam). Ethanol leaf extract was investigated for its phytochemical contents as well as anti-diarrhoea effects. The ethanol leaf extract which is normally used in folkloric medicine was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Graded doses of the extract (200, 400 and 800 mg per kg) were administered orally to the three groups of rats (n = 5) before induction of diarrhoea with castor oil. Another two groups of animals were treated with normal saline (control) and loperamide, a conventional anti-diarrhoea drug respectively. Gastro-intestinal transit of charcoal meal and gastro-intestinal enteropooling with the same graded doses of the ethanol leaf extract were used for comparison. The extract produced a significant inhibition of the castor oil induced diarrhoea. The gastro-intestinal transit of charcoal meal was also reduced by the various graded doses of the extract used in this study. However, the intestinal fluid accumulation was only slightly reduced by 400 mg/kg dose of the extract. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanol leaf extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The findings suggest that, the ethanol leaf extract of M. senengalensis possesses antidiarrhoeal effect, which could be related to inhibition of gastro-intestinal motility and secretion.
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References
- Aliu YO &Nwude N (1982). Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Experiment. Zaria: Baraka Press Ltd. pp 97.
- Adnan M, Hussain J, Shah MT, Shinwari ZK, Ullah F, Bahader A, Khan N, Khan AL & Watanabe T (2010). Proximate and Nutrient Composition of Medicinal Plants of Humid and Sub-Humid Regions in North-West Pakistan. J. Med. Res., 4(4), 339-345.
- AOCS (2000). American Oil Chemist Society Official Methods of Analysis 5th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC, USA. Pp 165
- Atta AH &Mouneir SM (2004). Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol92, 303–309.
- Burkill HM (1995). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (Vol. 1). Kew, London: Royal Botanic Gardens. Pp. 561
- Brown JH & Taylor P (1996). Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonist. In: Hardman JG &Limbird LE editors. Goodman and Gilman the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; Pp 534.
- Chitme HR, Chandra R & Kaushik S (2003). Studies on Antidiarroeal activities of CalotropisgiganteamR. Br. In experimental Animals J. Pharm. Sci. 7: 70-75
- CIOMS: Council for International Organization of Medical Science (1985). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals.WHO 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
- Di Carlo G, Autore G &Izzo AA (1993) Inhibition of intestinal motility and secretory by flavonoids in mice and rats: structure activity relationships. J. Pharmacol., 45:1054-9.
- Dixon WJ (1991). Staircase Bioassay: The up and down method. Neurosci.Biobehav. R., 15 (1), 47-50.
- Duggan C, Gannon J & Walker WA (2002). Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract. Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 5:789-808.
- Harbone JB (1984). Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd edition. London: Chapman and Hall. London Pp 301.
- Havagiray R, Ramesh C &Sadhan K (2004). Study of antidiarrhoeal activities of Calotropis gigantean R.B.R in experimental animals. J. Pharm. Sci. 7: 76-81
- Jafri S &Pasricha PJ (2002). Agentts used for diarrhoea, constipation and inflammatory bowel diseases; agents used for biliary and pancreatic diseases in: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (JG hardman, LE Limbird, AG Gilman, G Goodman, AG Gilmans editors) . tenth edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Pp 1037-1047.
- Nwafor PA &Okwuasaba A (2001). Effect of methanolic extract of Cassia migricansLeaves on rat gastrointestinal tract. Fitoterapia72: 206-214.
- Otshudi LA, Vercruysse A &Foriers A (2000). Contribution to the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies of traditionally used medicinal plant in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea in Lomela area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). J. Ethnopharmaco.l, 71(3): 411-423.
- Rao VSN, Santos FA, Sobreika TT, Souza MF, Melo LL &Silveira ER (1997) Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrheal properties of ternatin,atetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscose. Planta Med, 63: 1496-1497.
- Reynold J E (1998). The Extrapharmacopo. 29th ed. The pharmaceutical press, London. Pp. 646.
- Shoba FG & Thomas M (2001). Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor oil induced diarrhoea. J. Ethnopharmacol.,76.73-6.
- Trease GE & Evans WC (2002). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. Harcourt Publisher Ltd. China, pp. 585
- Trease GE & Evans MC (1996). Textbook of Pharmacognosy 14th ed. London: Bailliere Tindal; Pp. 565-6.
- Williamson EM, Okpako DT & Evans FJ (1996). Pharmacological Methods Phytotherapy Research Vol. 1 Selection, Preparation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Material.John Wiley & Sons, England. Pp. 112.
References
Aliu YO &Nwude N (1982). Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Experiment. Zaria: Baraka Press Ltd. pp 97.
Adnan M, Hussain J, Shah MT, Shinwari ZK, Ullah F, Bahader A, Khan N, Khan AL & Watanabe T (2010). Proximate and Nutrient Composition of Medicinal Plants of Humid and Sub-Humid Regions in North-West Pakistan. J. Med. Res., 4(4), 339-345.
AOCS (2000). American Oil Chemist Society Official Methods of Analysis 5th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC, USA. Pp 165
Atta AH &Mouneir SM (2004). Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol92, 303–309.
Burkill HM (1995). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (Vol. 1). Kew, London: Royal Botanic Gardens. Pp. 561
Brown JH & Taylor P (1996). Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonist. In: Hardman JG &Limbird LE editors. Goodman and Gilman the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; Pp 534.
Chitme HR, Chandra R & Kaushik S (2003). Studies on Antidiarroeal activities of CalotropisgiganteamR. Br. In experimental Animals J. Pharm. Sci. 7: 70-75
CIOMS: Council for International Organization of Medical Science (1985). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals.WHO 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Di Carlo G, Autore G &Izzo AA (1993) Inhibition of intestinal motility and secretory by flavonoids in mice and rats: structure activity relationships. J. Pharmacol., 45:1054-9.
Dixon WJ (1991). Staircase Bioassay: The up and down method. Neurosci.Biobehav. R., 15 (1), 47-50.
Duggan C, Gannon J & Walker WA (2002). Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract. Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 5:789-808.
Harbone JB (1984). Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd edition. London: Chapman and Hall. London Pp 301.
Havagiray R, Ramesh C &Sadhan K (2004). Study of antidiarrhoeal activities of Calotropis gigantean R.B.R in experimental animals. J. Pharm. Sci. 7: 76-81
Jafri S &Pasricha PJ (2002). Agentts used for diarrhoea, constipation and inflammatory bowel diseases; agents used for biliary and pancreatic diseases in: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (JG hardman, LE Limbird, AG Gilman, G Goodman, AG Gilmans editors) . tenth edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Pp 1037-1047.
Nwafor PA &Okwuasaba A (2001). Effect of methanolic extract of Cassia migricansLeaves on rat gastrointestinal tract. Fitoterapia72: 206-214.
Otshudi LA, Vercruysse A &Foriers A (2000). Contribution to the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies of traditionally used medicinal plant in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea in Lomela area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). J. Ethnopharmaco.l, 71(3): 411-423.
Rao VSN, Santos FA, Sobreika TT, Souza MF, Melo LL &Silveira ER (1997) Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrheal properties of ternatin,atetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscose. Planta Med, 63: 1496-1497.
Reynold J E (1998). The Extrapharmacopo. 29th ed. The pharmaceutical press, London. Pp. 646.
Shoba FG & Thomas M (2001). Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor oil induced diarrhoea. J. Ethnopharmacol.,76.73-6.
Trease GE & Evans WC (2002). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. Harcourt Publisher Ltd. China, pp. 585
Trease GE & Evans MC (1996). Textbook of Pharmacognosy 14th ed. London: Bailliere Tindal; Pp. 565-6.
Williamson EM, Okpako DT & Evans FJ (1996). Pharmacological Methods Phytotherapy Research Vol. 1 Selection, Preparation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Material.John Wiley & Sons, England. Pp. 112.