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Abstract
Foot-related diseases are among the most common herd health issues worldwide, leading to heavy burden on the sheep and their owner including heavy socio-economic losses. This study investigated the haematological, serum biochemical and acute phase protein profiles of sheep with footrot infection caused by Dichelobacter nodosus. Blood samples from 15 sheep with footrot and 10 healthy controls were collected and analyzed for possible alterations in haematological, serum biochemical parameters and acute phase protein (APPs). Sheep with footrot showed significant changes in haematological parameters including left-shift, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia and monocytosis. Serum biochemical assay revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of total protein, cortisol, glucose, haptoglobin and fibrinogen while the concentration of albumin was significantly decreased. The finding of this study emphasizes the importance of haematological, serum biochemical and APP analytes in the diagnosis and monitoring of footrot in sheep. The finding of this current study could be used for the development of point-of-care diagnostic markers that would aid prompt diagnosis and treatment of footrot in sheep.
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References
- Adama, J., and Yahya, S. (2008). Incidence of foot rot infection in sheep and goats in Minna. Contin Journal of Veterinary Science, 2: 33-37. http://repository.futminna.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17246.
- Ardüser, F., Moore-Jones, G., Gobeli Brawand, S., Dürr, S., Steiner, A., Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P. and Zanolari, P. (2019). Dichelobacter nodosus in sheep, cattle, goats and South American camelids in Switzerland—assessing prevalence in potential hosts in order to design targeted disease control measures. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 10(4): 688-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.05.001.
- Basa, A., Canpolat, I. and Yerlikaya, Z. (2020). Prevalence of Observed Footrot in Sheep under Field Condition. Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 4(1): 22-29. Jomardpublishing.com/UploadFiles/Files/journals/RV/V4N1/Basa.pdf.
- Blanchard, A. M., Staley, C. E., Shaw, L., Wattegedera, S. R., Baumbach, C. M., Michler, J. K., ... and Tötemeyer, S. (2021). A trifecta of new insights into ovine footrot for infection drivers, immune response, and host-pathogen interactions. Infection and Immunology, 89(10): 547-509. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00270-21.
- Bode, J. G., Albrecht, U., Häussinger, D., Heinrich, P. C. and Schaper, F. (2012). Hepatic acute phase proteins–regulation by IL-6-and IL-1-type cytokines involving STAT3 and its crosstalk with NF-κB-dependent signaling. European Journal of Cellular Biology, 91(6-7): 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.008.
- Buller N. and Eamens, G. (2014). Ovine footrot. Australian and New Zealand standard diagnostic procedure. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Agriculture.gov.au.
- Carvalho, V.S., Araújo, B.R., Vasconcelos, T.C., Chiminazzo, C., Costa Neto, A.O., Ayres, M.C., ... and Costa, J.N. (2012). Clinical evolution and evaluation of leukocyte parameters and acute phase proteins in ovine infectious pododermatitis. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 32: 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X20122001200013.
- Ceciliani, F., Giordano A. and Spagnolo, V. (2002). The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute-phase proteins. Protein and Peptide Letters, 9(3): 211-223. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929866023408779.
- Davenport, R., Heawood, C., Sessford, K., Baker, M., Baiker, K., Blacklaws, B., ... and Tötemeyer, S. (2014). Differential expression of Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in ovine interdigital dermatitis and footrot. Veterinary Immunology and immunopatholology, 161(1-2): 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.007.
- de Carvalho Filho, W.P., Girardi, F.M., Souto, P.C., Orozco, A.M.O., de Oliveira, T., Dornelas, L.R.S.M., ... and da Fonseca, L.A. (2020). Profile of Acute-Phase Proteins of Horses Submitted to Low-Level Show Jumping Classes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 91: 103-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103105.
- Delano, M.L., Mischler, S.A. and Underwood, W.J. (2002). Biology and diseases of ruminants: Sheep, goats, and cattle. Laboratory Animal Science, 5: 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012263951-7/50017-X.
- Ehlting, C., Wolf, S.D. and Bode, J.G. (2021). Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver. Biological Chemistry, 402(9): 1129-1145. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2021-0209.
- El-Deeb, W., Abdelghani, M. A., Alhaider, A. and Fayez, M. (2022). Immunological response of lame sheep to clinical interdigital dermatitis and footrot: Procalcitonin, acute phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparative Immunology, Microbiolology and Infectious Disease, 90: 1018-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101899.
- Gelasakis, A. I., Kalogianni, A. I. and Bossis, I. (2019). Aetiology, risk factors, diagnosis and control of foot-related lameness in dairy sheep. Animals (Basel). 9(8): 50 9-516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080509.
- Gruys, E., Toussaint, M.J.M., Niewold, T.A., Koopmans, S.J. (2005). Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 6(11): 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2005.B1045.
- Hoby, S., Steiner, A., Kuhnert, P., Jost, F.R., Guthruf, S.C., Schönbächler, K. and Alsaaod, M. (2020). Foot health and prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus in 11 ungulate species at Berne Animal Park. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 162(11): 675-681. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00277.
- Kontturi, M, Junni, R., Kujala-Wirth, M., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Pelkonen, S., ... and Simojoki, S. (2020). Acute phase response and clinical manifestation in outbreaks of interdigital phlegmon in dairy herds. Comparative Immunology, Microbiolology and Infectious Disease, 68: 1013-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101375.
- Kraft, A.F., Strobel, H., Hilke, J., Steiner, A. and Kuhnert, P. (2020). The prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus in clinically footrot-free sheep flocks: a comparative field study on elimination strategies. BMC Veterinary Research, 16: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-2243-8.
- Kuhnert, P., Cippa, V., Hardi-Landerer, M.C., Schmicke, M., Ulbrich, S., Locher, I., Steiner, A., Jores, J. (2019). Early infection dynamics of Dichelobacter nodosus during an ovine experimental footrot in contact infection. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 161: 465-472. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00215.
- Kushner, I., Mackiewicz, A. (2020). The acute phase response: an overview. In: Acute phase proteins, 1st edn, CRC Press, USA, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-68799(88)63037-0.
- Leclere, M., Lavoie‐Lamoureux A. and Lavoie, J.P. (2015). Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(3): 940-945. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12587.
- Loosli, N., Brodard, I., Kittl, S., Luyet, C. and Kuhnert, P. (2023). Field validation of an antibiotic-free hoof spray to effectively treat ovine footrot by eliminating virulent Dichelobacter nodosus. Veterinary Microbiology, 287: 1099-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109920.
- Maboni, G. (2017). Defining the mechanisms of inflammation that underlie the pathogenesis of ovine footrot (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham). https//www.researchgate.net/publication/333245270_Defining_the_mechanisms_of_inflammation_that_underlie_the_pathogenesis_of_ovine_footrot#fulltextContent.
- Mifsud, S., Schembri, E.L. and Gruppetta, M. (2018). Stress-induced hyperglycaemia. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 79(11): 634-639. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2018.79.11.634.
- Saleh, W.M.M., Naji, H.A., Lafta, M.H., Al-Husseiny, S.H. and Ali, F. (2019). Clinical and Bacteriological Diagnosis of Foot-rot in Beef bulls in Basra. Biomedical Journal, 1(5): 23-37. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2019.13.002472.
- Seixas, L., Peripolli, V., Façanha, D.A.E., Fischer, V., Poli, C.H.E.C., Melo, C.B., Louvandini, H. and McManus, C.M. (2021). Physiological and Hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 73(3): 622-630. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12204.
- Shibahara, T., Akiba, T., Maeda, T., Ogata, T., Honda, R., Ishikawa, Y. and Kadota, K. (2002). Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum in bovine fatal necrotizing glossitis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 64(6): 523-526. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.64.523.
- Smith, E.M., Green, Olivia D.J., Calvo-Bado, L.A., Witcomb, L.A., Grogono-Thomas, R., ... and Green, L.E. (2014). Dynamics and impact of footrot and climate on hoof horn length in 50 ewes from one farm over a period of 10 months: Veterinary Journal, 201(3): 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.021.
- Stewart, D. J. and Claxton, P. D. (1993). Ovine footrot: clinical diagnosis and bacteriology, 1st edn, CSIRO, East Melbourne, Vic, Australia. agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/animal/ahl/ASDT_ovine_footrot.pdf.
- Storms, J., Wirth, A., Vasiliadis, D., Jores, J., Kuhnert, P. and Distl, O., (2022). Risk factors associated with the infection of sheep with Dichelobacter nodosus. Science Reports, 12(1): 100-1321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13933-4.
- Szponder, T., Wessely-Szponder, J., Świeca, M., Smolira, A. and Gruszecki, T. (2017). The combined use of ozone therapy and autologous platelet-rich plasma as an alternative approach to foot rot treatment for sheep. A preliminary study. Small Ruminant Research, 156: 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.015.
- Szponder, T., Zdziennicka, J., Nowakiewicz, A., Świeca, M., Sobczyńska-Rak, A., Żylińska, B. and Wessely-Szponder, J. (2021). Effects of topical treatment of foot rot in sheep using ozonated olive ointment. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(3): 36-49. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0050.
- Zanolari, P., Dürr, S., Jores, J., Steiner, A. and Kuhnert, P. (2021). Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. Veterinary Journal, 271: 105647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647
References
Adama, J., and Yahya, S. (2008). Incidence of foot rot infection in sheep and goats in Minna. Contin Journal of Veterinary Science, 2: 33-37. http://repository.futminna.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17246.
Ardüser, F., Moore-Jones, G., Gobeli Brawand, S., Dürr, S., Steiner, A., Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P. and Zanolari, P. (2019). Dichelobacter nodosus in sheep, cattle, goats and South American camelids in Switzerland—assessing prevalence in potential hosts in order to design targeted disease control measures. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 10(4): 688-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.05.001.
Basa, A., Canpolat, I. and Yerlikaya, Z. (2020). Prevalence of Observed Footrot in Sheep under Field Condition. Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 4(1): 22-29. Jomardpublishing.com/UploadFiles/Files/journals/RV/V4N1/Basa.pdf.
Blanchard, A. M., Staley, C. E., Shaw, L., Wattegedera, S. R., Baumbach, C. M., Michler, J. K., ... and Tötemeyer, S. (2021). A trifecta of new insights into ovine footrot for infection drivers, immune response, and host-pathogen interactions. Infection and Immunology, 89(10): 547-509. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00270-21.
Bode, J. G., Albrecht, U., Häussinger, D., Heinrich, P. C. and Schaper, F. (2012). Hepatic acute phase proteins–regulation by IL-6-and IL-1-type cytokines involving STAT3 and its crosstalk with NF-κB-dependent signaling. European Journal of Cellular Biology, 91(6-7): 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.008.
Buller N. and Eamens, G. (2014). Ovine footrot. Australian and New Zealand standard diagnostic procedure. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Agriculture.gov.au.
Carvalho, V.S., Araújo, B.R., Vasconcelos, T.C., Chiminazzo, C., Costa Neto, A.O., Ayres, M.C., ... and Costa, J.N. (2012). Clinical evolution and evaluation of leukocyte parameters and acute phase proteins in ovine infectious pododermatitis. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 32: 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X20122001200013.
Ceciliani, F., Giordano A. and Spagnolo, V. (2002). The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute-phase proteins. Protein and Peptide Letters, 9(3): 211-223. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929866023408779.
Davenport, R., Heawood, C., Sessford, K., Baker, M., Baiker, K., Blacklaws, B., ... and Tötemeyer, S. (2014). Differential expression of Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in ovine interdigital dermatitis and footrot. Veterinary Immunology and immunopatholology, 161(1-2): 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.007.
de Carvalho Filho, W.P., Girardi, F.M., Souto, P.C., Orozco, A.M.O., de Oliveira, T., Dornelas, L.R.S.M., ... and da Fonseca, L.A. (2020). Profile of Acute-Phase Proteins of Horses Submitted to Low-Level Show Jumping Classes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 91: 103-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103105.
Delano, M.L., Mischler, S.A. and Underwood, W.J. (2002). Biology and diseases of ruminants: Sheep, goats, and cattle. Laboratory Animal Science, 5: 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012263951-7/50017-X.
Ehlting, C., Wolf, S.D. and Bode, J.G. (2021). Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver. Biological Chemistry, 402(9): 1129-1145. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2021-0209.
El-Deeb, W., Abdelghani, M. A., Alhaider, A. and Fayez, M. (2022). Immunological response of lame sheep to clinical interdigital dermatitis and footrot: Procalcitonin, acute phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparative Immunology, Microbiolology and Infectious Disease, 90: 1018-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101899.
Gelasakis, A. I., Kalogianni, A. I. and Bossis, I. (2019). Aetiology, risk factors, diagnosis and control of foot-related lameness in dairy sheep. Animals (Basel). 9(8): 50 9-516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080509.
Gruys, E., Toussaint, M.J.M., Niewold, T.A., Koopmans, S.J. (2005). Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 6(11): 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2005.B1045.
Hoby, S., Steiner, A., Kuhnert, P., Jost, F.R., Guthruf, S.C., Schönbächler, K. and Alsaaod, M. (2020). Foot health and prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus in 11 ungulate species at Berne Animal Park. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 162(11): 675-681. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00277.
Kontturi, M, Junni, R., Kujala-Wirth, M., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Pelkonen, S., ... and Simojoki, S. (2020). Acute phase response and clinical manifestation in outbreaks of interdigital phlegmon in dairy herds. Comparative Immunology, Microbiolology and Infectious Disease, 68: 1013-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101375.
Kraft, A.F., Strobel, H., Hilke, J., Steiner, A. and Kuhnert, P. (2020). The prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus in clinically footrot-free sheep flocks: a comparative field study on elimination strategies. BMC Veterinary Research, 16: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-2243-8.
Kuhnert, P., Cippa, V., Hardi-Landerer, M.C., Schmicke, M., Ulbrich, S., Locher, I., Steiner, A., Jores, J. (2019). Early infection dynamics of Dichelobacter nodosus during an ovine experimental footrot in contact infection. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 161: 465-472. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00215.
Kushner, I., Mackiewicz, A. (2020). The acute phase response: an overview. In: Acute phase proteins, 1st edn, CRC Press, USA, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-68799(88)63037-0.
Leclere, M., Lavoie‐Lamoureux A. and Lavoie, J.P. (2015). Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(3): 940-945. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12587.
Loosli, N., Brodard, I., Kittl, S., Luyet, C. and Kuhnert, P. (2023). Field validation of an antibiotic-free hoof spray to effectively treat ovine footrot by eliminating virulent Dichelobacter nodosus. Veterinary Microbiology, 287: 1099-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109920.
Maboni, G. (2017). Defining the mechanisms of inflammation that underlie the pathogenesis of ovine footrot (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham). https//www.researchgate.net/publication/333245270_Defining_the_mechanisms_of_inflammation_that_underlie_the_pathogenesis_of_ovine_footrot#fulltextContent.
Mifsud, S., Schembri, E.L. and Gruppetta, M. (2018). Stress-induced hyperglycaemia. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 79(11): 634-639. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2018.79.11.634.
Saleh, W.M.M., Naji, H.A., Lafta, M.H., Al-Husseiny, S.H. and Ali, F. (2019). Clinical and Bacteriological Diagnosis of Foot-rot in Beef bulls in Basra. Biomedical Journal, 1(5): 23-37. https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2019.13.002472.
Seixas, L., Peripolli, V., Façanha, D.A.E., Fischer, V., Poli, C.H.E.C., Melo, C.B., Louvandini, H. and McManus, C.M. (2021). Physiological and Hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 73(3): 622-630. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12204.
Shibahara, T., Akiba, T., Maeda, T., Ogata, T., Honda, R., Ishikawa, Y. and Kadota, K. (2002). Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum in bovine fatal necrotizing glossitis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 64(6): 523-526. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.64.523.
Smith, E.M., Green, Olivia D.J., Calvo-Bado, L.A., Witcomb, L.A., Grogono-Thomas, R., ... and Green, L.E. (2014). Dynamics and impact of footrot and climate on hoof horn length in 50 ewes from one farm over a period of 10 months: Veterinary Journal, 201(3): 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.021.
Stewart, D. J. and Claxton, P. D. (1993). Ovine footrot: clinical diagnosis and bacteriology, 1st edn, CSIRO, East Melbourne, Vic, Australia. agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/animal/ahl/ASDT_ovine_footrot.pdf.
Storms, J., Wirth, A., Vasiliadis, D., Jores, J., Kuhnert, P. and Distl, O., (2022). Risk factors associated with the infection of sheep with Dichelobacter nodosus. Science Reports, 12(1): 100-1321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13933-4.
Szponder, T., Wessely-Szponder, J., Świeca, M., Smolira, A. and Gruszecki, T. (2017). The combined use of ozone therapy and autologous platelet-rich plasma as an alternative approach to foot rot treatment for sheep. A preliminary study. Small Ruminant Research, 156: 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.015.
Szponder, T., Zdziennicka, J., Nowakiewicz, A., Świeca, M., Sobczyńska-Rak, A., Żylińska, B. and Wessely-Szponder, J. (2021). Effects of topical treatment of foot rot in sheep using ozonated olive ointment. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(3): 36-49. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0050.
Zanolari, P., Dürr, S., Jores, J., Steiner, A. and Kuhnert, P. (2021). Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. Veterinary Journal, 271: 105647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647