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Abstract
The domestication of the African giant rat (AGRs) (Cricetomys gambianus) to compliment the inadequate animal protein supplies in Nigeria and its potential to serve as a model for biomedical research is yet to be fully exploited. This study determines the effects of varied crude protein (CP) diet on haematological indices and body weight of AGRs. Blood samples were obtained from the orbital sinus of 30 apparently healthy adult male and female AGRs. The AGR’s were kept in captivity and divided into 6 rats per group (A, B, C, D and E). Group A served as control group. The groups werefed with graded levels of crude protein (CP) of (E) 9.83%, (D) 14.79%, (A) 21.21%, (C) 23.93% and (B) 27.84%. Each chloroform pre-anaesthetized AGRs were weighed at days 0 and 14, 28, 42 and 56, while blood samples were collected at days 28 and 56. The samples were each analyzed for erythrocyte and leucocyte parameters and platelet counts by standard methods. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and student t-test. At 28 days post-feeding, AGRs fed with 27.84% CP showed no significant elevations in erythrocyte and leucocyte values compared with control values (21.21% CP). However, at 56 days post-feeding, RBC, Hb, PCV, total WBC, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were significantly lowered in the group fed with 27.84% CP. No significant differences in body weights were observed in rats that were fed 27.84%, 21.21%, 14.8% and 9.8% crude protein diets for 28 and 56 days.This study shows improved body weight with 27.84% CP compared with other crude protein percentage used while 14.79% CP had the best haematological parameters when compared with other crude protein groups.
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- Studies of rats fed different doses of probiotic, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Isolated from fermenting Corn Slurry. Pak J. Nut., 5(2): 102-105.
- Addass, P. A., David, D. I., Edward, A., Zira, K. E. and Midau, A. (2012). Effect of age, sex and management system on some haematological parameters of intensively and semi-intensively kept chicken in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Iran J. Appl Anim. Sci.,2(3):277-282.
- Adegbenjo, A. A., Oluwatosin, O. O., Jegede, A. V., Oso, A. O., Fafiolu, A. O. andOgunbanke, E. A. (2015). Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing supplements of three phytogenic plants. Bull Anim. Health Prod. Afri., 63(3): 335-347.
- Adeneye, A.A., Ajagbonna, O.P. and Bello, S.O. (2006). Preliminary toxicity and Phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musangacecropioides in rats. J Ethnopharmacol., 105(3): 373-379
- Aderemi, F. A. (2004). Effects of replacement of wheat bran with cassava root sieviate supplemented or unsupplemented with enzyme on the haematology and serum biochemistry of pullet chicks. Trop. J. Anim. Sci., 7:147-153.
- Afolabi, K. D., Akinsoyinii, A. O., Olajide, R. and Akinleye, S. B. (2010). Haematological parameters of the Nigerian local grower chickens fed varying dietary levels of palm kernel cake. Proceeding of the 35th Annual Conference of the Nigeria Society for Animal Production. Pp:247.
- Ahmed, M. K., Bargue, A. R., Nawaz, H. and Siddiqui, R. H. (1994).Effect of varying energy and protein levels of the haematology of Japanese quail. Pak. Vet J., 14(4): 200-202.
- Ajayi S. S, Tewe O. O. and Faturoti E. O. (1978). Behavioural changes in the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) under domestication. E. .Afr.Wildl. J.,16, 137-143.
- Ajayi, S.S. and Tewe, O.O.(1983). Quantitative assessment of wildlife and their nutritive value as a source of food in Nigeria. Nutrition and food policy in Nigeria/edited by TolaAtinmo, LaoluAkinyele. Pp 138-146
- Ajayi, S.S. and Tewe, O.O.(1980). Food preference and carcass composition of the grass cutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) in captivity. African J. Ecology, 18(2‐3), pp.133-140.
- Ajayi, S. S. (1977). Live and carcass weights of giant rat Cricetomysgambianus Waterhouse and domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. Afri J. Ecol., 15(3), 223-227.
- Ajayi,S.S (1974). Giant rats for meat and some taboos. Oryx 12, 379-80.
- American Diabetes Association, (2000). Nutrition Recommendation and Principles for Diabetes mellitus, Clinical Practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 23: 543-546.
- Anosa, V.O. (1983): Mammalian blood cells in health and trypanosomiasis. Trop. Vet., 1:177-199.
- Aya, V. E., Ayanwale, B. A., Ijaiya, A. T. and Aremu, A. (2013). Haematological and serum biochemistry indices of broiler chickens fed rumen filtrate fermented palm kernel meal based diet. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp:329.
- Babatunde, G.M and Olusanya, O.A. (1992): Rubber seed oil versus palm oil in broiler chickens diet. Effect on performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology and carcass characteristics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 35: 133-146.
- Coles, E.H. (1986). Determination of packed cell volume.In: Coles, E.H. (Ed). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, pp. 17-19.
- Cooper, R.G. (2008). Care, husbandry and diseases of the African Giant rat (Cricetomysgambianus). J. South Afri. Vet. Assoc., 79:62-66.
- DeVries, J. W. (2004). Dietary fiber: the influence of definition on analysis and regulation. J. AOAC Inter., 87(3): 682-706.
- Emenalom, O.O. and A.B.I. Udedibie, (1998). Effect of dietary raw, cooked, toasted Mucunapruriens seed (velvet bean) on the performance of finisher broilers. Nigeria. J. Anim Prod., 25: 115-119.
- Esonu B. O., Iheukwemere, F.C.,Emenalom, O. O.,Udebibie,A.B., Herbert, U.,Ekpor, C.F. and Okolie,I.C. (2001). Performance and blood chemistry of weaner pig fed Mucunapruriens (velvet bean) meal. Trop. Anim. Prod. Inv., 4:49-54.
- Google Earth (2012). Google earth http//www.google.earth.January –June, 2015.
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- Jain N.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A., pp. 1221.
- Kurtoglu, F., Kurtoglu, V., Celik, I., Kececi, I. and Nizamlioglu, M. (2005). Effect of dietary boron supplementation on some biochemical parameters, peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic plasma cells and bone characteristics of broiler chicks given diets with adequate or inadequate cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) content. British. Poult. Sci., 46:87-96.
- Lawrence-Azua, O. O., Odetola, O. M., Awe, A. O. and Yahaya, M. O(2013). Performance and haematological indices of growing rabbits fed enzyme supplemented cocoa bean shell. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp:169.
- Marani, S. A. M. (2018). Effects of pelleted feed on the performance of the grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus). J. Agric. Sci. Food Res, 9, 218.
- Ntiamoah-Baidu Y (1998) Sustainable Use of Bushmeat. A Wildlife Development Plan (1998-2003), Wild Life Development Accra 6: 78.
- Odeyemi, O.O., Yakubu, M.T., Masika, P.J. and Afolayan, A.J. (2009). Toxicological evaluation of the essential oil from MenthaLongifolia L Suosp. Capensis Leaves in rats. J. Med. Food.,12(3): 669-674.
- Odunsi, A. A., Ojifade, A. A. and Babatunde, G. M. (1999).Response of broiler chicks to virginmycin and dietary protein concentration in the humid tropics.ArchivfürZoologie und Zootomie.48(183):317-325.
- Oduye, O. O. (1976). Haematological values of Nigerian goats and sheep. Trop. J. Anim. Hlth .Prod., 8, 131-136.
- Olabanji, R.O., Ojebiyi, O.O., Tona, G.O. and Ologun, O. (2009). Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbits fed diets containing processed mango (Mangiferaindica). in: J.A. Akinlade., T.B. Olayeni., T.A Rafiu., A.O Akinwunmi., O.AAderinola., O.O Ojebiyi and Odunsi, A.A (eds.) Global Economic Recession and the Challenges to Livestock Production in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 14th annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria held at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.pp: 170-173.
- Olafedehan, C. O., Obun, A. M., Yusuf, M. K., Adewumi, O. O., Olafedehan, A. O., Awofolaji, A. O. and Adeniji, A. A. (2010). Effects of residual cyanide in processed cassava peel meals on haematological and biochemical indices of growing rabbits. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Pp:212.
- Oyawoye EO, Ogunkunle M. (1998): Physiological and biochemical effects of raw jack beans on broilers. Proceedings of annual Conference of Nigerian Society of Animal production. 23: 141-142.
- Oyewale, J.O; Oke, O.A, Olayemi, F.O. and Ogunsanmi, A.O. (1998).Electrolyte enzyme, protein and metabolite Levels in the blood plasma of the wild adult African giant rat (Cricetomysgambianus, water house).Veterinarski. Arhiv., 68:127 133.
- Prescott, J.F. and Baggot, J.D(1993). Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 2ndedn. IOWA State University Press, Pp: 564-565.
- Schalm, O. W., Jain, N. C and Carroll, E. J. (1975). Veterinary hematology (No. 3rd edition). Lea &Febiger.
- Scharage, R. and Yewadan LT (1999) Feeds and Feeding. Raising Grasscutters, GTZ (Germany), pp: 1-90.
- Theml, H., Diem, H. and Haferlach, T. (2004). Color Atlas of Haematology: Practical Microscopic and Clinical Diagnosis. Thieme Stuttgart and New York.
- Togun, V. A., Oseni, B. S. A., Ogundipe, J. A., Arewa, T. R., Hammed, A.A., Ajonijebu, D. C., Oyeniran, A., Nwosisi, I. and Mustapha, F. (2007). Effects of chronic lead administration on the haematological parameters of rabbit – a preliminary study. Proceedings of the 41st Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria. Pp: 341.
- Yeong, S. W. (1999). Effect of dietary protein on growth performance of village chicken.Proceedings of National IRPA Seminar Agric Sector. Pp: 2519-2520.
References
Studies of rats fed different doses of probiotic, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Isolated from fermenting Corn Slurry. Pak J. Nut., 5(2): 102-105.
Addass, P. A., David, D. I., Edward, A., Zira, K. E. and Midau, A. (2012). Effect of age, sex and management system on some haematological parameters of intensively and semi-intensively kept chicken in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Iran J. Appl Anim. Sci.,2(3):277-282.
Adegbenjo, A. A., Oluwatosin, O. O., Jegede, A. V., Oso, A. O., Fafiolu, A. O. andOgunbanke, E. A. (2015). Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing supplements of three phytogenic plants. Bull Anim. Health Prod. Afri., 63(3): 335-347.
Adeneye, A.A., Ajagbonna, O.P. and Bello, S.O. (2006). Preliminary toxicity and Phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musangacecropioides in rats. J Ethnopharmacol., 105(3): 373-379
Aderemi, F. A. (2004). Effects of replacement of wheat bran with cassava root sieviate supplemented or unsupplemented with enzyme on the haematology and serum biochemistry of pullet chicks. Trop. J. Anim. Sci., 7:147-153.
Afolabi, K. D., Akinsoyinii, A. O., Olajide, R. and Akinleye, S. B. (2010). Haematological parameters of the Nigerian local grower chickens fed varying dietary levels of palm kernel cake. Proceeding of the 35th Annual Conference of the Nigeria Society for Animal Production. Pp:247.
Ahmed, M. K., Bargue, A. R., Nawaz, H. and Siddiqui, R. H. (1994).Effect of varying energy and protein levels of the haematology of Japanese quail. Pak. Vet J., 14(4): 200-202.
Ajayi S. S, Tewe O. O. and Faturoti E. O. (1978). Behavioural changes in the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) under domestication. E. .Afr.Wildl. J.,16, 137-143.
Ajayi, S.S. and Tewe, O.O.(1983). Quantitative assessment of wildlife and their nutritive value as a source of food in Nigeria. Nutrition and food policy in Nigeria/edited by TolaAtinmo, LaoluAkinyele. Pp 138-146
Ajayi, S.S. and Tewe, O.O.(1980). Food preference and carcass composition of the grass cutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) in captivity. African J. Ecology, 18(2‐3), pp.133-140.
Ajayi, S. S. (1977). Live and carcass weights of giant rat Cricetomysgambianus Waterhouse and domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. Afri J. Ecol., 15(3), 223-227.
Ajayi,S.S (1974). Giant rats for meat and some taboos. Oryx 12, 379-80.
American Diabetes Association, (2000). Nutrition Recommendation and Principles for Diabetes mellitus, Clinical Practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 23: 543-546.
Anosa, V.O. (1983): Mammalian blood cells in health and trypanosomiasis. Trop. Vet., 1:177-199.
Aya, V. E., Ayanwale, B. A., Ijaiya, A. T. and Aremu, A. (2013). Haematological and serum biochemistry indices of broiler chickens fed rumen filtrate fermented palm kernel meal based diet. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp:329.
Babatunde, G.M and Olusanya, O.A. (1992): Rubber seed oil versus palm oil in broiler chickens diet. Effect on performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology and carcass characteristics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 35: 133-146.
Coles, E.H. (1986). Determination of packed cell volume.In: Coles, E.H. (Ed). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, pp. 17-19.
Cooper, R.G. (2008). Care, husbandry and diseases of the African Giant rat (Cricetomysgambianus). J. South Afri. Vet. Assoc., 79:62-66.
DeVries, J. W. (2004). Dietary fiber: the influence of definition on analysis and regulation. J. AOAC Inter., 87(3): 682-706.
Emenalom, O.O. and A.B.I. Udedibie, (1998). Effect of dietary raw, cooked, toasted Mucunapruriens seed (velvet bean) on the performance of finisher broilers. Nigeria. J. Anim Prod., 25: 115-119.
Esonu B. O., Iheukwemere, F.C.,Emenalom, O. O.,Udebibie,A.B., Herbert, U.,Ekpor, C.F. and Okolie,I.C. (2001). Performance and blood chemistry of weaner pig fed Mucunapruriens (velvet bean) meal. Trop. Anim. Prod. Inv., 4:49-54.
Google Earth (2012). Google earth http//www.google.earth.January –June, 2015.
Iheukwumere, F. C. and Herbert, U. (2002). Physiological responses of broiler chickens to quantitative water restrictions: haematology and serum biochemistry. J. Poult. Sci., 2:117-119.
Jain N.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A., pp. 1221.
Kurtoglu, F., Kurtoglu, V., Celik, I., Kececi, I. and Nizamlioglu, M. (2005). Effect of dietary boron supplementation on some biochemical parameters, peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic plasma cells and bone characteristics of broiler chicks given diets with adequate or inadequate cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) content. British. Poult. Sci., 46:87-96.
Lawrence-Azua, O. O., Odetola, O. M., Awe, A. O. and Yahaya, M. O(2013). Performance and haematological indices of growing rabbits fed enzyme supplemented cocoa bean shell. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp:169.
Marani, S. A. M. (2018). Effects of pelleted feed on the performance of the grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus). J. Agric. Sci. Food Res, 9, 218.
Ntiamoah-Baidu Y (1998) Sustainable Use of Bushmeat. A Wildlife Development Plan (1998-2003), Wild Life Development Accra 6: 78.
Odeyemi, O.O., Yakubu, M.T., Masika, P.J. and Afolayan, A.J. (2009). Toxicological evaluation of the essential oil from MenthaLongifolia L Suosp. Capensis Leaves in rats. J. Med. Food.,12(3): 669-674.
Odunsi, A. A., Ojifade, A. A. and Babatunde, G. M. (1999).Response of broiler chicks to virginmycin and dietary protein concentration in the humid tropics.ArchivfürZoologie und Zootomie.48(183):317-325.
Oduye, O. O. (1976). Haematological values of Nigerian goats and sheep. Trop. J. Anim. Hlth .Prod., 8, 131-136.
Olabanji, R.O., Ojebiyi, O.O., Tona, G.O. and Ologun, O. (2009). Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbits fed diets containing processed mango (Mangiferaindica). in: J.A. Akinlade., T.B. Olayeni., T.A Rafiu., A.O Akinwunmi., O.AAderinola., O.O Ojebiyi and Odunsi, A.A (eds.) Global Economic Recession and the Challenges to Livestock Production in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 14th annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria held at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.pp: 170-173.
Olafedehan, C. O., Obun, A. M., Yusuf, M. K., Adewumi, O. O., Olafedehan, A. O., Awofolaji, A. O. and Adeniji, A. A. (2010). Effects of residual cyanide in processed cassava peel meals on haematological and biochemical indices of growing rabbits. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Pp:212.
Oyawoye EO, Ogunkunle M. (1998): Physiological and biochemical effects of raw jack beans on broilers. Proceedings of annual Conference of Nigerian Society of Animal production. 23: 141-142.
Oyewale, J.O; Oke, O.A, Olayemi, F.O. and Ogunsanmi, A.O. (1998).Electrolyte enzyme, protein and metabolite Levels in the blood plasma of the wild adult African giant rat (Cricetomysgambianus, water house).Veterinarski. Arhiv., 68:127 133.
Prescott, J.F. and Baggot, J.D(1993). Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 2ndedn. IOWA State University Press, Pp: 564-565.
Schalm, O. W., Jain, N. C and Carroll, E. J. (1975). Veterinary hematology (No. 3rd edition). Lea &Febiger.
Scharage, R. and Yewadan LT (1999) Feeds and Feeding. Raising Grasscutters, GTZ (Germany), pp: 1-90.
Theml, H., Diem, H. and Haferlach, T. (2004). Color Atlas of Haematology: Practical Microscopic and Clinical Diagnosis. Thieme Stuttgart and New York.
Togun, V. A., Oseni, B. S. A., Ogundipe, J. A., Arewa, T. R., Hammed, A.A., Ajonijebu, D. C., Oyeniran, A., Nwosisi, I. and Mustapha, F. (2007). Effects of chronic lead administration on the haematological parameters of rabbit – a preliminary study. Proceedings of the 41st Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria. Pp: 341.
Yeong, S. W. (1999). Effect of dietary protein on growth performance of village chicken.Proceedings of National IRPA Seminar Agric Sector. Pp: 2519-2520.