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Abstract
Dichlorvos is an organophosphate widely used as an insecticide. This study determines the effect of dichlorvos on pregnancy in Wistar rats. Forty-two bred female rats were divided into 7 groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) comprising of 6 rats each. Rats in 3 groups received 4.45mg/kg in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, respectively. The other 3 groups received 8.9mg/kg in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively. The dam to pups’ ratio decreased as the dose of dichlorvos increased except in the third trimester. The percentage birth weight of the treated groups was not different from the control except at third trimester when there was a significant (p 0.05) decrease in the 8.9mg/kg groups. There were no significant (p 0.05) differences in the crown-rump and gestation length within the groups and trimesters except in the third trimester where there was a significant difference (p 0.05) between 8.9mg/kg group and others. The study shows that dichlorvos is capable of altering pregnancy outcomes in female Wistar rats.
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- Abebe, M. S., Asres, K., Bekuretsion, Y., Woldekidan, S., Sisay, B., and Seyoum, G. (2022). Prenatal developmental toxicity and histopathological changes of the placenta induced by Syzygiumguineense leaf extract in rats. Journal of Toxicology, 2022(1):5209136 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5209136
- Adeyeye, A. A., Ate, I. U., Lawal, A. I., and Adamu, S. (2016). Effects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy in Yankasa ewes. Theriogenology, 85(5), 862-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.034
- Agnandji, P., Ayi-Fanou, L., Gbaguidi, M. A. N., Cachon, B. F., Hounha, M., Tchibozo, M. A. D. and Sanni, A. (2018). Assessment of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide residues in Lactucasativa L. and Solanum macrocarpum L. cultivated in Benin. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6(1): 4-12. DOI:10.12691/wjac-6-1-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-020-00074-3
- Ajayi, A. F., and Akhigbe, R. E. (2020). Staging of the estrous cycle and induction of estrus in experimental rodents: An update. Fertility Research and Practice, 6(1): 1-15.
- Ajayi, O. A., Idowu, A. B., Idowu O. A., Ademolu K. O. and E romosele C. O (2022). Effects of commonly used insecticides inhalation on pregnancy outcomes, lung and gut flora among three albino rats generation. Fuoye Journal of Agriculture and Human Ecology,6(2):8-18.
- Akhtar, N., Srivastava, M. K. and Raizada, R.B. (2006). Trans placental disposition and teratogenic effects of chlorpyrifos in rats. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 31: 521-527. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.31.521
- Ambali, S. F., Makinde, A. O., Shittu, M., Adeniyi, S. A. and Mowuogwu, F. O. (2012). Alleviating effect of Phyllanthus niruri on sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by subacute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. American Journal Medical Science, 2: 50-58. https://DOI: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20120203.05
- Bjørling-Poulsen, M., Andersen, H. R. and Grandjean, P. (2018). Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environmental Health, 7: 1-22. https:// doi.10.1186/1476-069X-7-50
- Bodwal, J., Chauhan, M., Behera, C. and Jitendra, K. (2019). Fatal monocrotophos poisoning by cutaneous absorption while sleeping: A remarkable case study. Medico-Legal Journal, 87(3): 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817219853455
- Celik, I., Yilmaz, Z. and Turkoglu, V. (2009). Hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of dichlorvos at sublethal dosages in rats. Environmental Toxicology, 24(2):128-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20390
- Chevrier, C., Limon G., Monfort C., Rouget F., Garlantezec R. and Petit C. (2011). Urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort. Environmental Health Perspective, 119(7):1034-1041
- Chinedu, E., Arome, D. and Ameh, F. S. (2013). A new method for determining acute toxicity in animal models. Toxicology International, 20(3): 224. doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.121674
- Ding, L., Sun, H., Su, J., Lin, N., Péault, B., Song, T. and Hu, Y. (2014). Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on collagen scaffolds for the functional regeneration of injured rat uterus. Biomaterials, 35(18): 4888-4900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.046
- Elhalwagy, M. E., Darwish, N. S. and Zaher, E. M. (2008). Prophylactic effect of green tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 91(2): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.01.006
- Gallegos, C. E., Bartos, M., Bras, C., Gumilar, F., Antonelli, M. C., and Minetti, A. (2016). Exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide during pregnancy and lactation induces neurobehavioral alterations in rat offspring. Neurotoxicology, 53: 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.015
- Hart, J. S. and Ibeachu, P. C. (2022). Histological changes in rat testicular tissue architecure upon short-term exposure to inhaled dichlorvos. School Bulletin, 8(4): 111-114.
- Iyare, E. E., and Adegoke, O. A. (2014). Gestational outcome in rats that consumed aqueous extract of Hibiscussabdariffa during pregnancy. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10(4): 350-354.
- Kaingu, C. K., Oduma, J. A., Mbaria, J. F., and Kiama, S. G. (2018). Anti-fertility and anti-implantation potential of Crotonmenyharthii and Uvariodendronkirkii aqueous extract in female Winstar rats. International Journal of Medicinal Plants, 112(2018): 844-855.
- Kumar, S. V., Fareedullah, M. D., Sudhakar, Y., Venkateswarlu, B. and Kumar, E. A. (2010). Current review on organophosphorus poisoning.Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(4): 199-215. http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/aasr-vol2-iss4/AASR-2010-2-4-199-215
- Mahadevaswami, M.P. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2003). Evaluation of dimethoate-induced implantation delay and nidation by progesterone in albino mice.Journal of Basic Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 14: 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.5.6002
- Mowat, G., Boutin, S. A. and Slough, B. G (1996). Using Placental Scar Counts to estimate Litter Size and Pregnancy Rate in Lynx. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60(2):430-440. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802246
- Owoeye, O., Mfaume, F. V., Akinyoola, B. S., Rahaman, S., Akang, E. E. and Arinola, G. O. (2012). Histological changes in liver and lungs of rats exposed to dichlorvos before and after vitamin supplementation.
- Schröder-van der Elst, J. P., van der Heide, D., Morreale de Escobar, G., and Obregón, M. J. (1999). Iodothyronine deiodinase activities in fetal rat tissues at several levels of iodine deficiency: a role for the skin in 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine economy?. Endocrinology, 139(5): 2229-2234. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.5.6002
- Shittu, M., Ambali, S., Ayo, J., Kawu, U. and Akande, M. (2021). Melatonin ameliorates developmental landmarks induced by gestational and lactational co-exposure to chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin in F1 Male Rats. Research Square, 28(2): 192-197. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1100972/v1
- Umar, I., Isah, A. D., Bello, A. G. & Abubakar, B. Z. (2015). Farmers’ Perception on Climate Change in Sokoto State Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(11): 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.8946
- World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. WHO, 1-196.
- Wylie, B. J., Hauptman, M., Woolf, A. D. and Goldman, R. H. (2016). Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(5): 1111-1115. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001685
- Zhao, H., Ji, X., Wang, B., Wang, N., Li, X., Ni, R. and Ren, J. (2015). An ultra-sensitive acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide_Au nanoparticles β_cyclodextrin /Prussian blue_chitosan nanocomposites for organophosphorus pesticides detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 65: 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.007
References
Abebe, M. S., Asres, K., Bekuretsion, Y., Woldekidan, S., Sisay, B., and Seyoum, G. (2022). Prenatal developmental toxicity and histopathological changes of the placenta induced by Syzygiumguineense leaf extract in rats. Journal of Toxicology, 2022(1):5209136 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5209136
Adeyeye, A. A., Ate, I. U., Lawal, A. I., and Adamu, S. (2016). Effects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy in Yankasa ewes. Theriogenology, 85(5), 862-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.034
Agnandji, P., Ayi-Fanou, L., Gbaguidi, M. A. N., Cachon, B. F., Hounha, M., Tchibozo, M. A. D. and Sanni, A. (2018). Assessment of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide residues in Lactucasativa L. and Solanum macrocarpum L. cultivated in Benin. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6(1): 4-12. DOI:10.12691/wjac-6-1-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-020-00074-3
Ajayi, A. F., and Akhigbe, R. E. (2020). Staging of the estrous cycle and induction of estrus in experimental rodents: An update. Fertility Research and Practice, 6(1): 1-15.
Ajayi, O. A., Idowu, A. B., Idowu O. A., Ademolu K. O. and E romosele C. O (2022). Effects of commonly used insecticides inhalation on pregnancy outcomes, lung and gut flora among three albino rats generation. Fuoye Journal of Agriculture and Human Ecology,6(2):8-18.
Akhtar, N., Srivastava, M. K. and Raizada, R.B. (2006). Trans placental disposition and teratogenic effects of chlorpyrifos in rats. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 31: 521-527. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.31.521
Ambali, S. F., Makinde, A. O., Shittu, M., Adeniyi, S. A. and Mowuogwu, F. O. (2012). Alleviating effect of Phyllanthus niruri on sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by subacute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. American Journal Medical Science, 2: 50-58. https://DOI: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20120203.05
Bjørling-Poulsen, M., Andersen, H. R. and Grandjean, P. (2018). Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environmental Health, 7: 1-22. https:// doi.10.1186/1476-069X-7-50
Bodwal, J., Chauhan, M., Behera, C. and Jitendra, K. (2019). Fatal monocrotophos poisoning by cutaneous absorption while sleeping: A remarkable case study. Medico-Legal Journal, 87(3): 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817219853455
Celik, I., Yilmaz, Z. and Turkoglu, V. (2009). Hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of dichlorvos at sublethal dosages in rats. Environmental Toxicology, 24(2):128-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20390
Chevrier, C., Limon G., Monfort C., Rouget F., Garlantezec R. and Petit C. (2011). Urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort. Environmental Health Perspective, 119(7):1034-1041
Chinedu, E., Arome, D. and Ameh, F. S. (2013). A new method for determining acute toxicity in animal models. Toxicology International, 20(3): 224. doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.121674
Ding, L., Sun, H., Su, J., Lin, N., Péault, B., Song, T. and Hu, Y. (2014). Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on collagen scaffolds for the functional regeneration of injured rat uterus. Biomaterials, 35(18): 4888-4900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.046
Elhalwagy, M. E., Darwish, N. S. and Zaher, E. M. (2008). Prophylactic effect of green tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 91(2): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.01.006
Gallegos, C. E., Bartos, M., Bras, C., Gumilar, F., Antonelli, M. C., and Minetti, A. (2016). Exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide during pregnancy and lactation induces neurobehavioral alterations in rat offspring. Neurotoxicology, 53: 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.015
Hart, J. S. and Ibeachu, P. C. (2022). Histological changes in rat testicular tissue architecure upon short-term exposure to inhaled dichlorvos. School Bulletin, 8(4): 111-114.
Iyare, E. E., and Adegoke, O. A. (2014). Gestational outcome in rats that consumed aqueous extract of Hibiscussabdariffa during pregnancy. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10(4): 350-354.
Kaingu, C. K., Oduma, J. A., Mbaria, J. F., and Kiama, S. G. (2018). Anti-fertility and anti-implantation potential of Crotonmenyharthii and Uvariodendronkirkii aqueous extract in female Winstar rats. International Journal of Medicinal Plants, 112(2018): 844-855.
Kumar, S. V., Fareedullah, M. D., Sudhakar, Y., Venkateswarlu, B. and Kumar, E. A. (2010). Current review on organophosphorus poisoning.Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(4): 199-215. http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/aasr-vol2-iss4/AASR-2010-2-4-199-215
Mahadevaswami, M.P. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2003). Evaluation of dimethoate-induced implantation delay and nidation by progesterone in albino mice.Journal of Basic Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 14: 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.5.6002
Mowat, G., Boutin, S. A. and Slough, B. G (1996). Using Placental Scar Counts to estimate Litter Size and Pregnancy Rate in Lynx. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60(2):430-440. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802246
Owoeye, O., Mfaume, F. V., Akinyoola, B. S., Rahaman, S., Akang, E. E. and Arinola, G. O. (2012). Histological changes in liver and lungs of rats exposed to dichlorvos before and after vitamin supplementation.
Schröder-van der Elst, J. P., van der Heide, D., Morreale de Escobar, G., and Obregón, M. J. (1999). Iodothyronine deiodinase activities in fetal rat tissues at several levels of iodine deficiency: a role for the skin in 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine economy?. Endocrinology, 139(5): 2229-2234. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.5.6002
Shittu, M., Ambali, S., Ayo, J., Kawu, U. and Akande, M. (2021). Melatonin ameliorates developmental landmarks induced by gestational and lactational co-exposure to chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin in F1 Male Rats. Research Square, 28(2): 192-197. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1100972/v1
Umar, I., Isah, A. D., Bello, A. G. & Abubakar, B. Z. (2015). Farmers’ Perception on Climate Change in Sokoto State Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(11): 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.8946
World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. WHO, 1-196.
Wylie, B. J., Hauptman, M., Woolf, A. D. and Goldman, R. H. (2016). Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(5): 1111-1115. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001685
Zhao, H., Ji, X., Wang, B., Wang, N., Li, X., Ni, R. and Ren, J. (2015). An ultra-sensitive acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide_Au nanoparticles β_cyclodextrin /Prussian blue_chitosan nanocomposites for organophosphorus pesticides detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 65: 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.007