Sudden Death Associated with Acute Hepatic Rupture in A 3-Year-Old Cane Corso Dog Following a Breeding Attempt

Abstract

This case report describes the sudden death of a 3-year-old Cane Corso bitch following an unsuccessful breeding attempt, attributed to acute hepatic rupture with resultant fatal hemoperitoneum. The dog, weighing 42 kg, was presented for necropsy after collapsing and dying shortly after a forced mating encounter during which she was non-receptive to the stud. Postmortem examination revealed approximately two litres of unclotted blood within the peritoneal cavity, with a packed cell volume (PCV) of 43% in the effusion, confirming acute haemorrhage. Vulvar abrasions suggested traumatic manipulation during the breeding attempt. Histopathological evaluation of the liver revealed severe macrovesicular hepatic lipidosis characterized by marked intracytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, thinning of hepatic cords, and multifocal hepatocellular necrosis. These findings indicate underlying hepatic pathology that likely compromised hepatic integrity and predisposed the organ to rupture. Additional findings included marked left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and thymic ecchymoses, consistent with agonal changes secondary to hypovolemic shock. This case highlights the multifactorial aetiology of hepatic rupture in breeding dogs, wherein physical trauma during mating may precipitate rupture in a liver already rendered fragile by pre-existing lipidosis. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for careful breeding management, particularly in large breeds such as the Cane Corso, where physical exertion during mating may have fatal consequences in the presence of underlying disease.