Main Article Content
Abstract
Maintenance of strict biosecurity measures is essential in preventing disease spread from Live Bird Markets (LBMs) which serve as a major intermingling area for poultry from different sources. This study assessed the Biosecurity measures and spatial distribution of daily Live Bird Markets of four North-western States in Nigeria. Closed ended questionnaires were administered in 35 daily LBMs in Kaduna, Kano, Katsina and Zamfara states and identification of disinfectants used in the LBMs were noted. Swab samples of birds’ cages in the LBMs were taken for E. coli isolation. The live bird managers and marketers were all male (100%) across all the four states. Only 6(17%) out of the 35 LBMs had high biosecurity level, 69% had a moderate biosecurity level and 5(14%) were graded as low. Of the 400 Live bird marketers administered questionnaires, only 71 (18%) employ good biosecurity practices and 305(76%) were graded as fair and remaining 24(6%) as poor. Majority of the LBMs were located within human settlements without any form of barrier. There were seven main types of disinfectants identified across the all LBMs. Esherichia coli was isolated from 1(17%) LBM among the 6(17%) LBMs that were identified to have and use disinfectant. From the remaining 29(83%) LBMs, E.coli was isolated from only 5(17%) despite lacking in use of disinfectant by these LBMs. Live bird marketers should be educated on the need to adhere to biosecurity measures and practices.
Keywords
Article Details
How to Cite
References
- Abah, H. O., Assam, A., and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Newcastle disease and biosecurity practices in live bird markets in Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 38(1), 13 25.https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0825
- Abdullahi, M.I., Oguntunde, O. and Habib, A.G., (2010). Knowledge, attitudes, and practicesof avian influenza among poultry traders in Nigeria. Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8: 1-8.https://doi.org/10.5580/89e
- Adams, J. (2003). Vector: Rats and mice. In; CAMM Poultry, Chapter 10: 1-5. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/livestock/camm/camm_files/dairy/dch10c_04.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2018. 9:23am.
- Ajetomobi, J.O and Adepoju, A.A., (2010). Avian influenza awareness and profitability of poultry egg production in Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of poultry science, 9(2): 183-187.https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.183.187
- Aliyu, M. B. Maikai, B. V. and Magaji, A. A. (2020). Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk factors associated with its spread at live bird markets in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 18(1), 39-46.https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i1.6
- Apostolakos, I., Mughini-Gras, L., Fasolato, L., & Piccirillo, A. (2020). Impact of selective and non-selective media on prevalence and genetic makeup of ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli in the broiler production pyramid. Veterinary Microbiology, 240, 108536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108536
- Augustine, C. Mojaba, D.I. and Igwebuike, J.U., (2010). An assessment of biosecurity status of poultry farms in Mubi zone of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2: 65-67.
- Avian Influenza Control Project (AICP) (2008). Development of Live Bird Markets in Nigeria, Avian Influenza Control Project. Consultant Report to Animal Health Component of the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project, Abuja. 10-50.
- Awosanya, E.J., (2015). Demographic and management factors associated with biosecurity measure compliance on pig farms in south west Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 13(2): 34 41. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v13i2.6
- Barcelo, J. and Marco, E. (1998). On farm biosecurity. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth international Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 129-133.
- Bridges, C.B., Kuehnert, M.A. and Hall, C.B. (2003). Transmission of Avian influenza: implication for control in Healthcare settings. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(8): 1094-1101. DOI:10.1086/378292
- Cardona, C., Yee, K. and Carpenter, T., (2009). Are live bird markets reservoirs of avian influenza?. Poultry science, 88(4): 856 859. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00338
- Cheesbrough, M., (1981). Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries (Vol. 1). M. Cheesbrough, 14 Bevills Close, Doddington, Cambridgeshire, PE15 OTT. Pp 134-145
- David, F. (2015). Increasing the nutrient content of chicken eggs to improve human health. In: Poultry Development Review. FAO, Rome, ISBN 978-92-5-108067-2
- Food and Agriculture Organization (2008a). Assessment of the Nigerian poultry market chain to improve biosecurity. Food and Agricultural Organization consultancy report.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (2008b). Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, issues and options.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (2010). Good practices for bio-security in the pig sector issues and options in developing and transition countries. Rome
- Food and Agriculture Organization (2015). Biosecurity guide for live poultry markets. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 17. Rome, Italy.
- Fox, J.Q. (2012). Bio-security in Avian Influenza Control. Retrieved from http://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/health/articles/biosecurity-avian-influenza- .Accessed October 12, 2018 at 1:01pm.
- Halid, K., Hannah, K., Achilles, B., Edison, M., Josephine, B., Lukwago., L., Millard, M., Fred, W. and Denis, K.B. (2014). Poor biosecurity in live bird markets in Uganda: A potential risk for highly pathogenic avian influenza disease outbreak in poultry and spread to humans. International Journal of Public health and Epidemiology, 9: 067 074. http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/4465
- Henning, J., Hesterberg, U. W., Zenal, F., Schoonman, L., Brum, E., and McGrane, J. (2019). Risk factors for H5 avian influenza virus prevalence on urban live bird markets in Jakarta, Indonesia—Evaluation of long-term environmental surveillance data. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216984.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216984
- Indriani, R., Samaan, G., Gultom, A., Loth, L., Indryani, S., Adjid, R., Dharmayanti, N.L.P.I., Weaver, J., Mumford, E., Lokuge, K. and Kelly, P.M., (2010). Environmental sampling for avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious diseases, 16(12): 1889 1895. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1612.100402
- Kung, N.Y., Guan, Y., Perkins, N.R., Bissett, L., Ellis, T., Sims, L., Morris, R.S., Shortridge, K.F. and Peiris, J.S.M., (2003). The impact of a monthly rest day on avian influenza virus isolation rates in retail live poultry markets in Hong Kong. Avian diseases, 47(s3): 1037-1041.https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1037
- Margaret, M.Q. and Paul, K.H.(2015). Cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Towards an integrated framework for infection and occupational illness prevention. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(5): 424-434.
- Oladiran, O.G. and Kabir, J., (2015). Evaluation of poultry processing practices, related public health laws and diseases of chickens at slaughter: A pilot study in Kaduna state. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 13(1): 38 47. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v13i1.6
- Olubunmi, G. F., Ismail, A. O., Fatima, A. B. and Folorunso, O. F. (2017). Public health concerns of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 endemicity in Africa. Veterinary World, 10(10): 1194–1204.https://dx.doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2017.1194-1204
- Qanbari, S., Rubin, C. J., Maqbool, K., Weigend, S., Weigend, A., Geibel, J & Andersson, L. (2019). Genetics of adaptation in modern chicken. PLoSGenetics, 15(4), e1007989.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007989
- Solomon, P., Abolnik, C., Joannis, T.M. and Bisschop, S., (2012). Virulent Newcastle disease virus in Nigeria: identification of a new clade of sub-lineage 5f from live-bird markets. Virus genes, 44(1): 98 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-011-0678-5
- Trock, S.C., Gaeta, M., Gonzalez, A., Pederson, J.C. and Senne, D.A., (2008). Evaluation of routine depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection procedures in the live bird markets, New York. Avian Diseases, 52(1): 160 162. https://doi.org/10.1637/7980-040607-reg
- Yee, K.S., Carpenter, T.E., Mize, S. and Cardona, C.J., (2008). The live bird market system and low-pathogenic avian influenza prevention in southern California. Avian diseases, 52(2): 348-352.https://doi.org/10.1637/8138-101207-reg.1
- Yupiana, Y., de Vlas, S.J., Adnan, N.M. and Richardus, J.H., (2010). Risk factors of poultry outbreaks and human cases of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in West Java Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14(9):800-805.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.014
References
Abah, H. O., Assam, A., and Abdu, P. A. (2017). Newcastle disease and biosecurity practices in live bird markets in Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 38(1), 13 25.https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0825
Abdullahi, M.I., Oguntunde, O. and Habib, A.G., (2010). Knowledge, attitudes, and practicesof avian influenza among poultry traders in Nigeria. Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases, 8: 1-8.https://doi.org/10.5580/89e
Adams, J. (2003). Vector: Rats and mice. In; CAMM Poultry, Chapter 10: 1-5. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/livestock/camm/camm_files/dairy/dch10c_04.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2018. 9:23am.
Ajetomobi, J.O and Adepoju, A.A., (2010). Avian influenza awareness and profitability of poultry egg production in Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of poultry science, 9(2): 183-187.https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.183.187
Aliyu, M. B. Maikai, B. V. and Magaji, A. A. (2020). Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk factors associated with its spread at live bird markets in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 18(1), 39-46.https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i1.6
Apostolakos, I., Mughini-Gras, L., Fasolato, L., & Piccirillo, A. (2020). Impact of selective and non-selective media on prevalence and genetic makeup of ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli in the broiler production pyramid. Veterinary Microbiology, 240, 108536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108536
Augustine, C. Mojaba, D.I. and Igwebuike, J.U., (2010). An assessment of biosecurity status of poultry farms in Mubi zone of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2: 65-67.
Avian Influenza Control Project (AICP) (2008). Development of Live Bird Markets in Nigeria, Avian Influenza Control Project. Consultant Report to Animal Health Component of the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project, Abuja. 10-50.
Awosanya, E.J., (2015). Demographic and management factors associated with biosecurity measure compliance on pig farms in south west Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 13(2): 34 41. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v13i2.6
Barcelo, J. and Marco, E. (1998). On farm biosecurity. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth international Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 129-133.
Bridges, C.B., Kuehnert, M.A. and Hall, C.B. (2003). Transmission of Avian influenza: implication for control in Healthcare settings. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(8): 1094-1101. DOI:10.1086/378292
Cardona, C., Yee, K. and Carpenter, T., (2009). Are live bird markets reservoirs of avian influenza?. Poultry science, 88(4): 856 859. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00338
Cheesbrough, M., (1981). Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries (Vol. 1). M. Cheesbrough, 14 Bevills Close, Doddington, Cambridgeshire, PE15 OTT. Pp 134-145
David, F. (2015). Increasing the nutrient content of chicken eggs to improve human health. In: Poultry Development Review. FAO, Rome, ISBN 978-92-5-108067-2
Food and Agriculture Organization (2008a). Assessment of the Nigerian poultry market chain to improve biosecurity. Food and Agricultural Organization consultancy report.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2008b). Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, issues and options.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2010). Good practices for bio-security in the pig sector issues and options in developing and transition countries. Rome
Food and Agriculture Organization (2015). Biosecurity guide for live poultry markets. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 17. Rome, Italy.
Fox, J.Q. (2012). Bio-security in Avian Influenza Control. Retrieved from http://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/health/articles/biosecurity-avian-influenza- .Accessed October 12, 2018 at 1:01pm.
Halid, K., Hannah, K., Achilles, B., Edison, M., Josephine, B., Lukwago., L., Millard, M., Fred, W. and Denis, K.B. (2014). Poor biosecurity in live bird markets in Uganda: A potential risk for highly pathogenic avian influenza disease outbreak in poultry and spread to humans. International Journal of Public health and Epidemiology, 9: 067 074. http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/4465
Henning, J., Hesterberg, U. W., Zenal, F., Schoonman, L., Brum, E., and McGrane, J. (2019). Risk factors for H5 avian influenza virus prevalence on urban live bird markets in Jakarta, Indonesia—Evaluation of long-term environmental surveillance data. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216984.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216984
Indriani, R., Samaan, G., Gultom, A., Loth, L., Indryani, S., Adjid, R., Dharmayanti, N.L.P.I., Weaver, J., Mumford, E., Lokuge, K. and Kelly, P.M., (2010). Environmental sampling for avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious diseases, 16(12): 1889 1895. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1612.100402
Kung, N.Y., Guan, Y., Perkins, N.R., Bissett, L., Ellis, T., Sims, L., Morris, R.S., Shortridge, K.F. and Peiris, J.S.M., (2003). The impact of a monthly rest day on avian influenza virus isolation rates in retail live poultry markets in Hong Kong. Avian diseases, 47(s3): 1037-1041.https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1037
Margaret, M.Q. and Paul, K.H.(2015). Cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Towards an integrated framework for infection and occupational illness prevention. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(5): 424-434.
Oladiran, O.G. and Kabir, J., (2015). Evaluation of poultry processing practices, related public health laws and diseases of chickens at slaughter: A pilot study in Kaduna state. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 13(1): 38 47. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v13i1.6
Olubunmi, G. F., Ismail, A. O., Fatima, A. B. and Folorunso, O. F. (2017). Public health concerns of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 endemicity in Africa. Veterinary World, 10(10): 1194–1204.https://dx.doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2017.1194-1204
Qanbari, S., Rubin, C. J., Maqbool, K., Weigend, S., Weigend, A., Geibel, J & Andersson, L. (2019). Genetics of adaptation in modern chicken. PLoSGenetics, 15(4), e1007989.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007989
Solomon, P., Abolnik, C., Joannis, T.M. and Bisschop, S., (2012). Virulent Newcastle disease virus in Nigeria: identification of a new clade of sub-lineage 5f from live-bird markets. Virus genes, 44(1): 98 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-011-0678-5
Trock, S.C., Gaeta, M., Gonzalez, A., Pederson, J.C. and Senne, D.A., (2008). Evaluation of routine depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection procedures in the live bird markets, New York. Avian Diseases, 52(1): 160 162. https://doi.org/10.1637/7980-040607-reg
Yee, K.S., Carpenter, T.E., Mize, S. and Cardona, C.J., (2008). The live bird market system and low-pathogenic avian influenza prevention in southern California. Avian diseases, 52(2): 348-352.https://doi.org/10.1637/8138-101207-reg.1
Yupiana, Y., de Vlas, S.J., Adnan, N.M. and Richardus, J.H., (2010). Risk factors of poultry outbreaks and human cases of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in West Java Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14(9):800-805.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.014