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Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic enteric pathogen of public health significance worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out during which 384 faecal samples of household-reared small ruminants and water used in the various houses where the animals are reared were collected. The samples were enriched on tryptone soya broth and cultured on EMB and CT-SMAC to isolate E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 respectively; subjected to conventional biochemical tests and E. coliO157:H7 was confirmed using Wellcolex latex agglutination test kit. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test and multiplex PCR was carried out to detect the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA. The results of the isolation showed isolation rate of E. coli O157:H7 of 4.69% (9/192), 0.52% (1/192) which were obtained from faeces and water samples respectively. The results of the characterisation showed that one of the E. coli O157:H7 isolated harboured the eaeA and hlyA genes but was negative for stx1 and stx2 genes. The highest number of isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (90.9%) while the least was to gentamicin (6.3%). About 97.7% (43/44) of the isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. In conclusion, household-reared small ruminants in the study area were found to be reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and humans living within these households are at risk of infection. The multiple antibioticresistance recorded in this study suggests widespread use of antimicrobial drugs in the study area.
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References
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- Ahmed, W., Neller, R. and Katouli, M. (2005). Host species specific metabolic finger print Database for enterococci and Escherichia coli and its application to identify source of faecal contamination in surface waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (8):4461-4468.
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References
Abdissa, R., Haile, W., Fite, A. T., Beyi, A. F., Getahun, E., Agga, G. E., Edao, B. M., Tadesse, F., Korsa, M. G., Beyene, T., Beyene, T. J., De Zutter, L., Cox, E. and Goddeeris B. M. (2017). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle at slaughter and beef carcasses at retail shops in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis, 17:277
Aboh, A. E., Giwa, J. F. and Giwa, A. (2015). Microbiological assessment of well waters in Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna, State, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med., 14 (10):32-3
Abreham, S., Teklu, A., Cox, E. and Tessema, T. S. (2019). Escherichia coli O157:H7: Distribution, molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns and source of contamination of sheep and goat carcasses at an export abattoir, Mojdo, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol., 19:215. https//doi.org/10.1186/s12866-0199-1590-8
Adefarakan, T. A., Oluduro, A. O., David, O. M., Ajayi, A. O., Ariyo, A. B. and Fashina, C. D. (2014). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli from Faeces of Apparently Healthy Rams and Goats in Ile-Ife, Southwest, Nigeria. IJS,16 (3):447-460
Adesokan, H. K., Akanbi, I. O., Akanbi, I. B. and Obaweda, R. A. (2015). Pattern of antimicrobialusage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: the need for alternative plans. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.,82 (1):01-06
Adzitey, F., Sumaila, N. and Saba, C. K. S. (2015). Isolation of E. coli from drinking water sources for humans and farm animals in Nyankpala community of Ghana. Res. J. Microbiol,10 (3):126-131
Ahmed, W., Neller, R. and Katouli, M. (2005). Host species specific metabolic finger print Database for enterococci and Escherichia coli and its application to identify source of faecal contamination in surface waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (8):4461-4468.
Akanbi, B. O., Mbah, I. P. and Kerry, P. C. (2011). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on hides and faeces of ruminants at slaughter in two major abattoirs in Nigeria. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 53:336–340
Bahiru, A. A., Emire S. A. and Ayele, A. K. (2013). The prevalence of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolates from faecal and water sources. Acad. J. Microbiol. Res., 1 (1):001- 010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajmr.2012.0109 ISSN: 2315-7771
Barrow, G. I. and Feltham, R. K.A. (2003). Cowan and Steels Manuel for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. (Paperback edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 128
Beutin, L, Montenegro, M. A., Orskov I, Oskov, F., Prada, J., Zimmermann, S. and Stephen, R. (1989). Close association of verotoxin (shigalike toxin) production with enterohemolysin production in strains of Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol., 27:2553–2561
Bolton, D. J. (2011). Verocytotoxigenic (Shiga toxin-producing) Escherichia coli: virulence factors and pathogenicity in the farm to fork paradigm,Foodborne Pathog. Dis., 8(3):357-65 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0699. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
Bukar-kolo, Y. M., Peter, I. D., Bukar, M. M., Muhammad, A. A., and Ayok, I. J. (2016). Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Aerobic Bacterial Flora of the Skin, Wound and Anterior Vagina of Sheep, Goats and Dogs in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 49(2):6-12 ISSN 1110-2047, DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.218617
Chattaway, M. A., Dallman, T., Iruke, N., Okeke, I. N. and Wain, J. (2011). Enteroaggregative E. coli O104 from an outbreak of HUS in Germany 2011, could it happen again? J.Infect. Dev. Ctries, 5(6):425-436
Chileshe, J. and Ateba, C. N. (2013). Molecular identification of Escherichia coli 0145:H28 from Beef in the North-West Province, South Africa. Life Sci. J.,10(4):1171-1176
Cid, O., Piriz, S., Riuz-Santa-Quiteria, J. A., Vadillo, S. and de la Fuente, R. (1996). In vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids to 14 antimicrobial agents. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther,19:397-401
CLSI (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 28th edition.
Cornick, N. A., Booher, S. L., Casey, T. A. and Moon, H. W. (2000). Persistent colonization of sheep by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other E. coli pathotypes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66:4926–4934
Croxen, M. A., Law, R. J., Scholz, R., Keeney, K. M., Wlodarska, M. and Finlay, B. B. (2013). Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.26(4):822–880
Diana, J. E., C. F. Pui, and Son, R. (2012). Enumeration of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium in fruit juices. Int. Food Res. J., 19:51-56
Disassa, N., Sibhat, B., Mengistu, S., Muktar, Y., and Belina, D. (2017). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of E. coli O157:H7 Isolated from Traditionally Marketed Raw Cow Milk in and around Asosa Town, Western Ethiopia. J. Vet. Med. Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7581531
Etcheverria A. I. and Padola N. L. (2013). Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli factors involved in virulence and cattle colonization. Virulence, 4(5):366-372
Fashina, C. D., Babalola, G. O. and Osunde, M. O. (2018). Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of E. coli O157:H7 Isolated from Water Bodies in Ile-Ife and Environs. J. Bacteriol. Parasitol., 9 (4):340 doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000340
Garba, I., Tijjani, M. B., Aliyu, M. S., Yakubu, S. E., Wada-Kura, A and. Olonitola, O. S. (2009). Prevalence of Escherichia coli in Some Public Water Sourcesin Gusau Municipal, North-Western Nigeria, BAJOPAS, 2(2):134 - 137
Griffin, P. M., Ostroff, S. M., Tauxe, R. V., Greene, K. D., Wells, J. G., Lewis, J. H., Blake, P. A. (1988). Illnesses Associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections. A Broad Clinical Spectrum. Ann. Intern. Med.,109:705- 712
Jacob, M. E., Foster, D. M., Rogers, A. T., Balcomb, C. C. and Sanderson, M. W. (2013). Prevalence and Relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains in the Faeces and on the Hides and Carcasses of U.S. Meat Goats at Slaughter.Appl Environ. Microbiol, 79(13): 4154–4158
Kaper, J. B., Elliot, S., Sperandio, V., Perna, N. T., Mayhew, G. F. and Blattner, F. R. (1998). Attaching and effacing intestinal histopathology and the locus of enterocyte effacement. In: Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli Strains. Kaper, J. B. and O’Brien, A. D. (Eds.). ASM Press Washington DC, 163–182
Karch, H., Meyer, T., Russmann, H. and Heesemann, J. (1992). Frequent loss of shiga-like toxin genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli upon subcultivation. Infect. Immun. 60:3464–3467
Karmali, M. A. (1989). Infection by verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2:15–38
Keen, J. E., Wittum, T. E., Dunn, J. R., Bono, J. L., and Durso, L. M. (2006). Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural fair livestock, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12:780–786
Krumperman, P. H. (1983). Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46:165-170
La Ragione, R. M. Best, A., Woodward, M. J. and Wales, A. D. (2008).Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in small domestic ruminants. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 33:394–410
Lawan, M. K., Bello, M., Lawan, J., Grande, L. and Morabito, S. (2015). Detection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Samples Collected at an Abattoir in Zaria, Nigeria and at Different Points in the Surrounding Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. He., 12:679 691 doi:10.3390/ijerph120100679
Lawan, M. K., Bello, M., Lawan, J. and Morabito, S. (2017). Detection of Verocytotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Characterization of Sub-Variant of stx Genes Isolated from Zango Abattoir and Its Surrounding. NJSR, 16(4):412-419.
Lenahan, M., O’Brien, S., Kinsella, K., Sweeney, T. and Sheridan, J. (2007). Prevalence and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Irish lamb carcasses, fleece and in faeces sample. J. Appl. Microbiol., 103:2401–2409
Lupindu, A. M. (2017). Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Africa in review. S. Afri. J. Infect. Dis., 1(1):1–7
Mahendra, P. and Yodit, A. (2017). Public health significance of verotoxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. EC Microbiol, 11(6):257-263.
Mandour, H. A., Hinawi A. M. H. and Xiulan S, (2016). Comparative Study of Rapid DNA Extraction Methods of Pathogenic Bacteria, American J. Biosci. Bioeng., 4(1):1 8 Doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20160401.11
Mersha, A. G. D, Zewde, B. M. and Kyule, M. (2010). Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces, skin and carcasses from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,50: 71–76
Nataro, J. P. and Kaper, J. B. (1998). Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11 (1):142-201
Ogden, I. D., MacRae, M., and Strachan, N. J. C. (2005). Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in sheep faeces at pasture in Scotland. J. Appl. Microbiol., 98: 646–651
Olowe, O., Okanlawon, B., Olowe, R. and Olayemi, A. (2008). Antimicrobial resistant pattern of Escherichia coli from human clinical samples in Osogbo, south western Nigeria. Afri. J. Microbiol. Res., 1(2):8-11
Onifade, A. K., Oladoja, M. A., and Fadipe, D. O. (2015). Antibiotics Sensitivity Pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from Children of School Age in Ondo State, Nigeria. http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7.
Oporto, B., Esteban, J. I., Aduriz, G., Juste, R. A. and Hurtado, A. (2008). Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non O157 Shiga toxin producing E. coli in healthy cattle, sheep and swineherds in northern Spain. Zoonosis Public Hlth, 55:73–81
Orden, J. A., Cid, D., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria, J. A., Garcı´a, S., Martı´nez S. and de la Fuente R. (2002). Verotoxinproducing Escherichia coli (VTEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and necrotoxigenicE. coli (NTEC) isolated from healthy cattle in Spain. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93:29–35
Paton, J. C. and Paton, A. W. (1998). Pathogenesis and diagnosis of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11:450–459
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