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Abstract
Three developmental abnormalities were found out of a total sample of eight hundred and twenty two within the genus Culicoides. These are two rare cases of double abdomen in females of the Schultzei and Imicola groups and a polar gynandromorphism, all in the genus Culicoides (biting midges) from Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. These females show double symmetrical abdomens equally attached to the meta-thorax and are related both on dorsal and ventral relative positions as well as larger and smaller relative capacities. The bi-abdomens in the Culicoides oxystoma (Schultzei group) were also separated by a speculated third rudimentary abdomen similarly attached to the meta-thorax; both abdomens possess three spermathecae (receptacula seminis) each but two spermathecae in the Culicoides imicola (Imicola group). The dorsal abdomen possesses eleven spiracles while the ventral sac, ten in the Culicoides oxystoma and revealed evidence of functionality; the dorsal abdomen was observed filled while the ventral only shows a smaller content volume. Both bi-abdominal specimens demonstrated no other apparent morphological dysfunction of other parts. On the other hand, the polar gynandromorphic specimen on stereomicroscopy revealed a typical female anterior portion and a posterior portion characteristic of male adult Culicoides. Further examination of the specimen showed absence of spermatheca. These abnormalities are the first reports of any type in invertebrates in Nigeria.
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References
- Ahmad, W., Ara A., and Adhami, U.M. (1985). Genetic studies on gynandromorphism (sgm, gm) in Culex pipiensfatigans. Experientia (Basel) 41: 1465-1467.
- Bear, A., and Monteiro, A. (2013). Both cell-autonomous mechanisms and hormones contribute to sexual development in vertebrates and insects. Bioessays 35, 725–732.
- Clements, A.N. (1992). The biology of mosquitoes. Volume I: Development, nutrition, and reproduction. Chapman Hall, London. Pp 509.
- Cui, J., and Cui, W. (2003). Gynandromorphism in insects. Entomological Knowledge40(6), 565–570 (in Chinese with English summary).
- Curtis, L.C. (1962). A gynandromorph in Culicoides. Mosquito News. 22(1):53.
- Dadawala, A.I., Biswas, S.K., Rehman, W., Chand, K., De, A., and Mathapati, B.S. (2012). Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 1 from Culicoides vector captured in livestock farms and sequence analysis of the viral genome segment-2. TransboundEmerg Dis. 59:361–8.
- Frigerio, G., Burri, M., Bopp, D., Baumgatner, S., and Noll, M. (1986). Structure of the segmentation gene paired and the Drosophilia PRD Gene Set as part of a gene Network, Cell. 47: 735-746
- Garcia-Bellido, A. (1977). Homoeotic and atavic mutations in insects, Amer. Zool., 17:613-629
- Gilbert, F. (2008). Developmental Biology, 8th edn Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 220–233
- Heming, B.S. (2003). Insect development and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 444p.
- Kamel, T.K. (1965). Gynandromorphism in Culicoideshollensis. Mosquito News, 25 (4):484-485
- Kandler-Singer, I., and Kalthoff, K. (1976). RNase sensitivity of an anteriormorphogenetic determinant in an insect egg (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 73(10):3739-43.
- Konopova, B., and Akam, M. (2014). The Hox genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A specify three different types of abdominal appendage in the springtail Orchesellacincta (Collembola), EvoDevo, 5;2
- Kurogi, H., Akiba, K., Inaba, Y., and Matumoto, M. (1987). Isolation of Akabane virus from the biting midge Culicoides oxystoma in Japan. Vet Microbiol,15(3):243–8.
- Morag, N., Saroya, Y., Bravermann, Y., Klement, E., and Gottlieb, Y. (2012). Molecular identification, phylogenetic status and geographic distribution of Culicoides oxystoma (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Israel. PLoS ONE.7(3): e33610.
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- Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). (2010). Nigeria climate review bulletin, 10; 15-20
- Oke, P.O., Adejinmi, J.O., and Oke-Egbodo, B.E. (2016). First Record of Culicoidesoxystoma, and other three members of the Schultzei group in Nig. J. Agric. Vet Sci. 9,(2):51-56
- Oke, P.O., Oke, B.E., and Adejinmi, J.O. (2017). Swine farm infestation with Culicoidesspecies (biting midges) in Zaria, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 15(2): 66 69.
- Reinert, J.F. (2000). Assignment of two American Species of Aedes to Subgenus Rusticoidus, J. Am.Mosq.Cont. Assoc., 16(1):42-43
- Reinhart, B. (1966). Gynandromorphs and intersexes in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae Can J.Zool.,44: 911-921
- Sample, I. (2011). Half male, half female butterfly steals the show at Natural History Museum. The Guardian (Available from http://www.theguardian. com/science/2011/jul/12/half-male-half-female-butterfly/ April 2016).
- Seal, C.W. (1966). A gynandromorph of Culex pipiensquinquefasciatus(Say). Mosquito News, 26, 586– 589.
- Skvarla, M.J., and Dowling, A.P.G. (2014). First report of gynandromorphism in Temnothoraxcurvispinosus(Mayr, 1866) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc.Entomol. Soc. Wash.116(3), 349–353.
- Venter, G.J., Mellor, P.S., and Paweska, J.T. (2006). Oral susceptibility of South African stock associated Culicoides species to bluetongue virus. Med Vet Entomol,20:329–34.
- Williams, H. (2010). Half-cock chicken mystery solved. BBC News (Available from http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_ east/8561814.stm/April 2016).
- Wirth, W.W., and Hubert, A.A. (1989). The Culicoides of Southeast Asia (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae). Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 44: 1 – 492.
- Yanase, T., Kato, T., Kubo, T., Yoshida, K., Ohashi, S., and Yamakawa, M. (2005). Isolation of bovine arboviruses from Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Japan: 1985–2002. J Med Entomol,42(1):63–7.
References
Ahmad, W., Ara A., and Adhami, U.M. (1985). Genetic studies on gynandromorphism (sgm, gm) in Culex pipiensfatigans. Experientia (Basel) 41: 1465-1467.
Bear, A., and Monteiro, A. (2013). Both cell-autonomous mechanisms and hormones contribute to sexual development in vertebrates and insects. Bioessays 35, 725–732.
Clements, A.N. (1992). The biology of mosquitoes. Volume I: Development, nutrition, and reproduction. Chapman Hall, London. Pp 509.
Cui, J., and Cui, W. (2003). Gynandromorphism in insects. Entomological Knowledge40(6), 565–570 (in Chinese with English summary).
Curtis, L.C. (1962). A gynandromorph in Culicoides. Mosquito News. 22(1):53.
Dadawala, A.I., Biswas, S.K., Rehman, W., Chand, K., De, A., and Mathapati, B.S. (2012). Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 1 from Culicoides vector captured in livestock farms and sequence analysis of the viral genome segment-2. TransboundEmerg Dis. 59:361–8.
Frigerio, G., Burri, M., Bopp, D., Baumgatner, S., and Noll, M. (1986). Structure of the segmentation gene paired and the Drosophilia PRD Gene Set as part of a gene Network, Cell. 47: 735-746
Garcia-Bellido, A. (1977). Homoeotic and atavic mutations in insects, Amer. Zool., 17:613-629
Gilbert, F. (2008). Developmental Biology, 8th edn Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 220–233
Heming, B.S. (2003). Insect development and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 444p.
Kamel, T.K. (1965). Gynandromorphism in Culicoideshollensis. Mosquito News, 25 (4):484-485
Kandler-Singer, I., and Kalthoff, K. (1976). RNase sensitivity of an anteriormorphogenetic determinant in an insect egg (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 73(10):3739-43.
Konopova, B., and Akam, M. (2014). The Hox genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A specify three different types of abdominal appendage in the springtail Orchesellacincta (Collembola), EvoDevo, 5;2
Kurogi, H., Akiba, K., Inaba, Y., and Matumoto, M. (1987). Isolation of Akabane virus from the biting midge Culicoides oxystoma in Japan. Vet Microbiol,15(3):243–8.
Morag, N., Saroya, Y., Bravermann, Y., Klement, E., and Gottlieb, Y. (2012). Molecular identification, phylogenetic status and geographic distribution of Culicoides oxystoma (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Israel. PLoS ONE.7(3): e33610.
Nevill, E.M., Venter, G.J., and Edwardes, M. (1992). Potential Culicoides vectors of livestock orbiviruses. In: Walton TE, Osburn BI, editors. Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. P. 306–13.
Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). (2010). Nigeria climate review bulletin, 10; 15-20
Oke, P.O., Adejinmi, J.O., and Oke-Egbodo, B.E. (2016). First Record of Culicoidesoxystoma, and other three members of the Schultzei group in Nig. J. Agric. Vet Sci. 9,(2):51-56
Oke, P.O., Oke, B.E., and Adejinmi, J.O. (2017). Swine farm infestation with Culicoidesspecies (biting midges) in Zaria, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 15(2): 66 69.
Reinert, J.F. (2000). Assignment of two American Species of Aedes to Subgenus Rusticoidus, J. Am.Mosq.Cont. Assoc., 16(1):42-43
Reinhart, B. (1966). Gynandromorphs and intersexes in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae Can J.Zool.,44: 911-921
Sample, I. (2011). Half male, half female butterfly steals the show at Natural History Museum. The Guardian (Available from http://www.theguardian. com/science/2011/jul/12/half-male-half-female-butterfly/ April 2016).
Seal, C.W. (1966). A gynandromorph of Culex pipiensquinquefasciatus(Say). Mosquito News, 26, 586– 589.
Skvarla, M.J., and Dowling, A.P.G. (2014). First report of gynandromorphism in Temnothoraxcurvispinosus(Mayr, 1866) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc.Entomol. Soc. Wash.116(3), 349–353.
Venter, G.J., Mellor, P.S., and Paweska, J.T. (2006). Oral susceptibility of South African stock associated Culicoides species to bluetongue virus. Med Vet Entomol,20:329–34.
Williams, H. (2010). Half-cock chicken mystery solved. BBC News (Available from http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_ east/8561814.stm/April 2016).
Wirth, W.W., and Hubert, A.A. (1989). The Culicoides of Southeast Asia (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae). Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 44: 1 – 492.
Yanase, T., Kato, T., Kubo, T., Yoshida, K., Ohashi, S., and Yamakawa, M. (2005). Isolation of bovine arboviruses from Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Japan: 1985–2002. J Med Entomol,42(1):63–7.