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An evaluation of fly pests of cattle was conducted in Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology (FCAH&PT) Farm, Chaha Village, Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria between August and October, 2020. Samples were collected from the farm weekly for three months. A total of nine hundred and nineteen (919) adult dipterous flies comprising fifteen species in eight genera across the three sub-orders were caught and identified using aerial sweeping hand net, light trapping and aerial insecticide spray. Phlebotomus papaltasi (44.18%) was the most prevalent while Simulium damnosum (0.22%) was the least. Others were Musca domestica (17.73%), Stomoxys calcitrans (11.43%), Culicoides species (10.99%), Musca autumnalis (10.23%), mosquitoes – Anopheles gambiae/Culex quequinfasciatus (4.89%) and Tabanus species (0.33%). The haematophagous flies (72.04%) out-numbered the non-haematophagous flies (27.96%) and the number of females collected/caught 780 (84.87%) were higher than the males 139 (15.13%). The highest collections were made in October (353 representing 38.41%) while September had the lowest (263 /28.62%). The study established the presence of fly pests in the farm and recommends that appropriate control measures should be put in place to forestall any disease outbreak.
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References
- Ahmed, A. B., Okiwelu, S. N. and Samdi, S. M. (2005). Species Diversity, Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Some Biting Flies in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 8 (2): 113 – 118. DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v812.35770
- Balashov, Y. (1984). Interaction between blood sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential. Annu. Rev.Entomol. 29: 137 -56. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.001033
- Baylis, M., el Hasnaoui, H., Bouayoune, H., Touti, J. and Mellor, P. S. (1997). The spatial and seasonal distribution of African horse sickness and its potential Culicoides vectors in Morocco. Med. Vet.Entomol. 11(3): 203-212
- Berry, I. L., Stage, D. A. and Campbell, J. B. (1983). Populations and economic impacts of stable flies on cattle. Trans. Am. Soc. Ag. Eng. 26: 873-877.
- Biu, A. A., Kyari, F., Onyiche, E. T., Abdulhamid, A. and Mohammed, A. (2018). Survey of flies (order: diptera) of Medical and Veterinary importance infesting livestock in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. J. Sci. Agric. 2: 97-100.
- Borkent, A. (2014a). The subgeneric classification of species of Culicoides - Thoughts and awarning. Available from: http://www.wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/files/9613/9136/7590/Culicoides Subgenera.pdf. Last accessed 18.7.2014
- Borkent, A. (2014b). World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Available from:http:// www.wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/files/9913/9144/3328/ Ceratopogonidae Catalog.pdf. Last accessed 18.7.2014.
- Burkot, T. R. (1988). Non-random host selection by Anopheline mosquitoes. Parasitol. Today, 4:156–62.
- Campbell, J. B., Skoda, S. R., Berkebile, D. R., Boxler, D. J., Thomas, G. D., Adams, D. C. and Davis, R. (2001). Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on weight gains of grazing yearling cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 780-783.
- Chagas, E. C. D., Silva, A. S., Fe, N. F et al. (2018). Composition of sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and detection of LeishmaniaDNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) indifferent ecotopes from a rural settlement in the central Amazon, Brazil. Parasit. Vectors. 11; 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s/3071-018-2743-6.
- Crosskey, R. W. (1993). Black flies (Simuliidae), in Medical insects and arachnids, edited by P. Lane & R.W. Crosskey. Chichester & New York: John Wiley and Sons: 241-287.
- Daniel, T. L. and Kingsolver, J. G. (1983). Feeding strategy and the mechanics of blood sucking in insects. J. Theor. Biol. 105: 661–72.
- Davies, J. B. (1994). Sixty years of Ochocerciasis Vector Control: A chronological summary with comments on eradication, reinvasion, and insecticidal resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39:23-45.
- Dipeolu, O. (1976). Species distribution and abundance of Culicoides Latr. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66:685-693.
- Dougherty, C. T., Knapp, F. W., Burrus, P. B., Willis, D. C. and Cornelius, P. L. (1994). Moderation of grazing behavior of beef cattle by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 40: 113-127
- Fasulo, T. R., Kern, W., Koehler, P. G., Short, D. E. (2005). Pests in and around the Home. Version 2.0. University of Florida/ IFAS. CD-ROM. SW 126.
- Kettle, D. S. (1977). Biology and bionomics of blood sucking Ceratopogonids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 22: 33-51.
- Linley, J. R., Hoch, A. L. and Pinheiro, F. P. (1983). Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Med. Entomol. 20(4): 347-364.
- Maryam, D., Moussa, F., Assane, G., Aliou, D., Momar, T. S., Garros, C., Balenghien, T., Allène, X., Rakotoarivony, I., Lancelot, R., Mall, I., Bakhoum, M. T., Dosum, A. M., Ndao, M., Bouyer, J. and Guis, H. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, potential vectors of African horse sickness and Blue tongue viruses in the Niayes area of Senegal. Parasit. Vectors. 7: 147.
- McCall, P. J. and Kelly, D. W. (2002). Learning and memory in disease vectors. Trends Parasitol. 18: 429–33.
- Mullens, B. A., Lii, Y., Mao, J. A., Meyer, N., Peterson, G. and Szijj, C. E. (2006). Behavioral responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20: 122-137
- Myburgh, E. and Nevill, E. M. (2003). Review of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control in South Africa. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 70:307-317.
- Narladkar, B. W. and Shivpuje, P. R. (2014). Prevalence, population dynamics and host preferences of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of livestock in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. Vet. World 7(9): 717-726.
- Nelson, G. S. (1991). Human onchocerciasis: notes on the history, the parasite arid life cycle.Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 85:83--95
- Njila, H. L., David, S. and Ombugadu, A. (2015). Prevalence of Biting and Non-Biting Flies in Relation to Species in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden, North Central Nigeria. Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci. 8(1): 149 – 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v8i1.26
- Oke, P. O., Adejinmi, J. O. and Oke-Egbodo, B. E. (2016). First Record of Culicoidesoxystoma, and other three members of the Schultzei group in Nig. J. Agric. Vet Sci. 9(2):51-56
- Parihar, P. S. and Narldkar, B. W. (2018). Review on dynamics of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and its nuisance on body movements and milk yield in cows. J.Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(5): 567-572
- Sen, P. and Dasgupta, S. K. (1959). Studies on Indian Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 52:617-630.
- Shujuan, L., Dawn, G., Al, F., Shaku, N., Baker, P. and Olson, C. (2001). Mosquitoes. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona. Revised 10/13.
- Taylor, D. B., Roger, 1., Moon, D. and Darrell, R. M. (2012). Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy and Beef Cattle Production. J. Med. Entomol. 49(1): 198- 209
- Wieman, G. A., Campbell, J. B., DeShazer, J. A. and Berry. I. L. (1992). The effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and heat stress on weight gain and feed efficiency of feeder cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1835-1842.
References
Ahmed, A. B., Okiwelu, S. N. and Samdi, S. M. (2005). Species Diversity, Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Some Biting Flies in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 8 (2): 113 – 118. DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v812.35770
Balashov, Y. (1984). Interaction between blood sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential. Annu. Rev.Entomol. 29: 137 -56. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.001033
Baylis, M., el Hasnaoui, H., Bouayoune, H., Touti, J. and Mellor, P. S. (1997). The spatial and seasonal distribution of African horse sickness and its potential Culicoides vectors in Morocco. Med. Vet.Entomol. 11(3): 203-212
Berry, I. L., Stage, D. A. and Campbell, J. B. (1983). Populations and economic impacts of stable flies on cattle. Trans. Am. Soc. Ag. Eng. 26: 873-877.
Biu, A. A., Kyari, F., Onyiche, E. T., Abdulhamid, A. and Mohammed, A. (2018). Survey of flies (order: diptera) of Medical and Veterinary importance infesting livestock in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. J. Sci. Agric. 2: 97-100.
Borkent, A. (2014a). The subgeneric classification of species of Culicoides - Thoughts and awarning. Available from: http://www.wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/files/9613/9136/7590/Culicoides Subgenera.pdf. Last accessed 18.7.2014
Borkent, A. (2014b). World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Available from:http:// www.wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/files/9913/9144/3328/ Ceratopogonidae Catalog.pdf. Last accessed 18.7.2014.
Burkot, T. R. (1988). Non-random host selection by Anopheline mosquitoes. Parasitol. Today, 4:156–62.
Campbell, J. B., Skoda, S. R., Berkebile, D. R., Boxler, D. J., Thomas, G. D., Adams, D. C. and Davis, R. (2001). Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on weight gains of grazing yearling cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 780-783.
Chagas, E. C. D., Silva, A. S., Fe, N. F et al. (2018). Composition of sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and detection of LeishmaniaDNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) indifferent ecotopes from a rural settlement in the central Amazon, Brazil. Parasit. Vectors. 11; 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s/3071-018-2743-6.
Crosskey, R. W. (1993). Black flies (Simuliidae), in Medical insects and arachnids, edited by P. Lane & R.W. Crosskey. Chichester & New York: John Wiley and Sons: 241-287.
Daniel, T. L. and Kingsolver, J. G. (1983). Feeding strategy and the mechanics of blood sucking in insects. J. Theor. Biol. 105: 661–72.
Davies, J. B. (1994). Sixty years of Ochocerciasis Vector Control: A chronological summary with comments on eradication, reinvasion, and insecticidal resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39:23-45.
Dipeolu, O. (1976). Species distribution and abundance of Culicoides Latr. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66:685-693.
Dougherty, C. T., Knapp, F. W., Burrus, P. B., Willis, D. C. and Cornelius, P. L. (1994). Moderation of grazing behavior of beef cattle by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 40: 113-127
Fasulo, T. R., Kern, W., Koehler, P. G., Short, D. E. (2005). Pests in and around the Home. Version 2.0. University of Florida/ IFAS. CD-ROM. SW 126.
Kettle, D. S. (1977). Biology and bionomics of blood sucking Ceratopogonids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 22: 33-51.
Linley, J. R., Hoch, A. L. and Pinheiro, F. P. (1983). Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Med. Entomol. 20(4): 347-364.
Maryam, D., Moussa, F., Assane, G., Aliou, D., Momar, T. S., Garros, C., Balenghien, T., Allène, X., Rakotoarivony, I., Lancelot, R., Mall, I., Bakhoum, M. T., Dosum, A. M., Ndao, M., Bouyer, J. and Guis, H. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, potential vectors of African horse sickness and Blue tongue viruses in the Niayes area of Senegal. Parasit. Vectors. 7: 147.
McCall, P. J. and Kelly, D. W. (2002). Learning and memory in disease vectors. Trends Parasitol. 18: 429–33.
Mullens, B. A., Lii, Y., Mao, J. A., Meyer, N., Peterson, G. and Szijj, C. E. (2006). Behavioral responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20: 122-137
Myburgh, E. and Nevill, E. M. (2003). Review of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control in South Africa. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 70:307-317.
Narladkar, B. W. and Shivpuje, P. R. (2014). Prevalence, population dynamics and host preferences of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of livestock in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. Vet. World 7(9): 717-726.
Nelson, G. S. (1991). Human onchocerciasis: notes on the history, the parasite arid life cycle.Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 85:83--95
Njila, H. L., David, S. and Ombugadu, A. (2015). Prevalence of Biting and Non-Biting Flies in Relation to Species in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden, North Central Nigeria. Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci. 8(1): 149 – 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v8i1.26
Oke, P. O., Adejinmi, J. O. and Oke-Egbodo, B. E. (2016). First Record of Culicoidesoxystoma, and other three members of the Schultzei group in Nig. J. Agric. Vet Sci. 9(2):51-56
Parihar, P. S. and Narldkar, B. W. (2018). Review on dynamics of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and its nuisance on body movements and milk yield in cows. J.Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(5): 567-572
Sen, P. and Dasgupta, S. K. (1959). Studies on Indian Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 52:617-630.
Shujuan, L., Dawn, G., Al, F., Shaku, N., Baker, P. and Olson, C. (2001). Mosquitoes. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona. Revised 10/13.
Taylor, D. B., Roger, 1., Moon, D. and Darrell, R. M. (2012). Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy and Beef Cattle Production. J. Med. Entomol. 49(1): 198- 209
Wieman, G. A., Campbell, J. B., DeShazer, J. A. and Berry. I. L. (1992). The effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and heat stress on weight gain and feed efficiency of feeder cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1835-1842.