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Abstract
Veterinary practices rely on the Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) to determine cardiac silhouette size. In addition to cardiac silhouette, pulmonary patterns are examined to determine if clinical signs such as coughing are of cardiac or respiratory origin. Concept of interpreting pulmonary patterns are based on the anatomical structure involved within the lung parenchyma to make assumptions of manifestation of diseases. Modified Radiographic Chest Volume (mRCV) and Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) were retrospectively evaluated for correlation with pulmonary patterns in dogs. Patient data and thoracic radiographs were obtained from the digital repository of selected veterinary clinics in Malaysia. Findings revealed that there are wide variations in VHS and are significantly associated with pulmonary patterns (p < 0.05). Mean VHS values of 10.5 ± 1.2, and variations in mean mRCV across breed (26.74 ± 16.71) were observed. The mRCV weakly correlated with VHS denoting that changes in cardiac sizes does not necessarily synergise with lung volume. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate pulmonary patterns alongside VHS while interpreting thoracic radiographs for cardiorespiratory diseases.
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- Alexander, K. (2010). Reducing Error In Radiographic Interpretation. Can Vet J. 51(5), 533-536.
- Azevedo, G., Pessoa, G., Moura, L., Sousa, F., Rodrigues, R., Sanches, M., Fontenele, R., Barbosa, M., Neves, W., Sousa, J. and Alves, F. (2018). Comparative Study of the Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) and the Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) in Healthy Poodle Breed dogs. Acta Sci Vet., 44(1), 1-7.
- Bashir, M., Hoque, M., Saxena, A. C., Zama, M., andAmarpal, A. (2013). Vertebral Scale System to Measure Heart Size in Dogs in Thoracic Radiographs. Adv Anim. Vet Sci. 1(1), 1-4.
- Birks, R., Fine, D., Leach, S., Clay, S., Eason, B., Britt, L. and Lamb, K. (2017). Breed-Specific Vertebral Heart Scale for the Dachshund. J. am. Anim. Hosp. assoc., 53(2), 73-79.
- Bodh, D., Hoque, M., Saxena, A., Gugjoo, M., Bist, D. and Chaudhary, J. (2016). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in thoracic radiographs of Indian Spitz, Labrador retriever and Mongrel dogs. Vet. World., 9(4), 371-376.
- Buchanan, J.W. andBücheler, J. (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 206, 194–199.
- Choi, S. (2014). Quantitative CT Evaluation for Lung Volume and Density in Dogs. J. Vet. Clin., 31(5), 376-381.
- Donati, P., Gogniat, E., Madorno, M., Guevara, J., Guillemi, E., Lavalle, M., Scorza, F., Mayer, G. and Rodriguez, P. (2018). Sizing the lung in dogs: the inspiratory capacity defines the tidal volume. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 30(2), 144-152.
- Fonsecapinto, B.C., and Iwasaki, M. (2004). Radiographic evaluation of the cardiac silhouette in clinically normal Poodles through the vertebral heart size (VHS) method. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., 41, 261-267
- Gamsu, G., Shames, D., McMahon, J. and Greenspan, R., (1975). Radiographically Determined Lung Volumes at Full Inspiration and During Dynamic Forced Expiration in Normal Subjects. Invest. Radiol., 10(2), 100-108.
- Ghadiri, A., Avizeh, R., andFazli, G.H (2010). Vertebral heart scale of common large breeds of dogs in Iran. Iran. J. Vet. Med., 4(2), 107-111.
- Guglielmini, C., Diana, A., Pietra, M., Di Tommaso, M. and Cipone, M. (2009). Use of the Vertebral Heart Score in Coughing Dogs with Chronic Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease. Vet. Med. Sci., 71(1),9-13.
- Gulanber, E.G., Gonenci, G., Kaya, U., Aksoy, O., and Birsik, H.S. (2005). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in thoracic radiographs of Turkish Shepherd (Kangal) Dogs. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 29, 723-726.
- Jepsen-Grant, K., Pollard, R. and Johnson, L. (2012). Vertebral Heart Scores in Eight Dog Breeds. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound., 54(1),.3-8.
- Koster, L. and Kirberger, R. (2016). A syndrome of severe idiopathic pulmonary parenchymal disease with pulmonary hypertension in Pekingese. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, p.19.
- Kraetschmer, S., Ludwig, K., Meneses, F., Nolte, I. and Simon, D. (2008). Vertebral heart scale in the beagle dog. J. Small. Anim. Pract., 49(5), 240-243.
- Lamb, C.R., Wikeley, H., Boswood, A., and Pfeiffer, D.U. (2001). Use of breed-specific ranges for the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs. Vet. Rec., 148, 707-711.
- Liu, Q., Gao, Y.H., Hua, D.M., Li, W., Cheng, Z., Zheng, H., et al. (2015). Functional residual capacity in beagle dogs with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. J. Thorac. Dis., 7(8), 1459–1466.
- LoMauro, A. and Aliverti, A. (2018). Sex differences in respiratory function. Breathe, 14(2), 131-140.
- Loyd, H.M., String, S.T., and DuBois, A.B. (1966). Radiographic and plethysmographic determination of total lung capacity. Radiology, 86,7-14
- Marin, L., Brown, J., McBrien, C., Baumwart, R., Samii, V. And Couto, C. (2007). Vertebral Heart Size inRetired Racing Greyhounds. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound., 48(4), 332-334.
- Mattoon, J. S. (2010). Imaging of the thorax (proceedings). Veterinary Medicine, dvm360 com, 166-177.
- McKiernan, B. and Johnson, L. (1992). Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing in Dogs and Cats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 22(5), 1087-1099.
- Nugent, K., Dobbe, L., Rahman, R., Elmassry, M. and Paz, P. (2019). Lung morphology and surfactant function in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a narrative review. J. Thorac. Dis., 11(9), 4031-4038.
- Olive, J., Javard, R., Specchi, S., Bélanger, M., Bélanger, C., Beauchamp, G. and Alexander, K. (2015). Effect of cardiac and respiratory cycles on vertebral heart score measured on fluoroscopic images of healthy dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 246(10), 1091-1097.
- Philip, R. (2005). The Normal Thoracic Radiograph: Why You Must Understand Normal to Recognise Abnormal. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association - WSAVA2005.
- Robinson, N. and Gillespie, J. (1973). Lung volumes in ageing beagle dogs. J. Appl. Physiol., 35(3), 317-321.
- Schillaci, M.A., Parish, S., and Jones-Engel, L. (2009). Radiographic measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio in pet macaques from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Radiography., 15(4), 29-33.
- Seiler, S. G. (2010). How to Make Sense of Pulmonary Patterns in Dogs and Cats. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association - WSAVA2010.
- Sleeper, M.M., and Buchanan, J.W. (2001). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in growing puppies. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 219, 57-59.
- Spasov, K., Kunovska, M., andDimov, D. (2018). Lung patterns in the dog–normal and pathological. TMVM., 3 1(4), 7–14
- Torad, F. and Hassan, E. (2014). Two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio for evaluation of cardiac size in German shepherd dogs. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16(4), 237-244.
References
Alexander, K. (2010). Reducing Error In Radiographic Interpretation. Can Vet J. 51(5), 533-536.
Azevedo, G., Pessoa, G., Moura, L., Sousa, F., Rodrigues, R., Sanches, M., Fontenele, R., Barbosa, M., Neves, W., Sousa, J. and Alves, F. (2018). Comparative Study of the Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) and the Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) in Healthy Poodle Breed dogs. Acta Sci Vet., 44(1), 1-7.
Bashir, M., Hoque, M., Saxena, A. C., Zama, M., andAmarpal, A. (2013). Vertebral Scale System to Measure Heart Size in Dogs in Thoracic Radiographs. Adv Anim. Vet Sci. 1(1), 1-4.
Birks, R., Fine, D., Leach, S., Clay, S., Eason, B., Britt, L. and Lamb, K. (2017). Breed-Specific Vertebral Heart Scale for the Dachshund. J. am. Anim. Hosp. assoc., 53(2), 73-79.
Bodh, D., Hoque, M., Saxena, A., Gugjoo, M., Bist, D. and Chaudhary, J. (2016). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in thoracic radiographs of Indian Spitz, Labrador retriever and Mongrel dogs. Vet. World., 9(4), 371-376.
Buchanan, J.W. andBücheler, J. (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 206, 194–199.
Choi, S. (2014). Quantitative CT Evaluation for Lung Volume and Density in Dogs. J. Vet. Clin., 31(5), 376-381.
Donati, P., Gogniat, E., Madorno, M., Guevara, J., Guillemi, E., Lavalle, M., Scorza, F., Mayer, G. and Rodriguez, P. (2018). Sizing the lung in dogs: the inspiratory capacity defines the tidal volume. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 30(2), 144-152.
Fonsecapinto, B.C., and Iwasaki, M. (2004). Radiographic evaluation of the cardiac silhouette in clinically normal Poodles through the vertebral heart size (VHS) method. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., 41, 261-267
Gamsu, G., Shames, D., McMahon, J. and Greenspan, R., (1975). Radiographically Determined Lung Volumes at Full Inspiration and During Dynamic Forced Expiration in Normal Subjects. Invest. Radiol., 10(2), 100-108.
Ghadiri, A., Avizeh, R., andFazli, G.H (2010). Vertebral heart scale of common large breeds of dogs in Iran. Iran. J. Vet. Med., 4(2), 107-111.
Guglielmini, C., Diana, A., Pietra, M., Di Tommaso, M. and Cipone, M. (2009). Use of the Vertebral Heart Score in Coughing Dogs with Chronic Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease. Vet. Med. Sci., 71(1),9-13.
Gulanber, E.G., Gonenci, G., Kaya, U., Aksoy, O., and Birsik, H.S. (2005). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in thoracic radiographs of Turkish Shepherd (Kangal) Dogs. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 29, 723-726.
Jepsen-Grant, K., Pollard, R. and Johnson, L. (2012). Vertebral Heart Scores in Eight Dog Breeds. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound., 54(1),.3-8.
Koster, L. and Kirberger, R. (2016). A syndrome of severe idiopathic pulmonary parenchymal disease with pulmonary hypertension in Pekingese. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, p.19.
Kraetschmer, S., Ludwig, K., Meneses, F., Nolte, I. and Simon, D. (2008). Vertebral heart scale in the beagle dog. J. Small. Anim. Pract., 49(5), 240-243.
Lamb, C.R., Wikeley, H., Boswood, A., and Pfeiffer, D.U. (2001). Use of breed-specific ranges for the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs. Vet. Rec., 148, 707-711.
Liu, Q., Gao, Y.H., Hua, D.M., Li, W., Cheng, Z., Zheng, H., et al. (2015). Functional residual capacity in beagle dogs with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. J. Thorac. Dis., 7(8), 1459–1466.
LoMauro, A. and Aliverti, A. (2018). Sex differences in respiratory function. Breathe, 14(2), 131-140.
Loyd, H.M., String, S.T., and DuBois, A.B. (1966). Radiographic and plethysmographic determination of total lung capacity. Radiology, 86,7-14
Marin, L., Brown, J., McBrien, C., Baumwart, R., Samii, V. And Couto, C. (2007). Vertebral Heart Size inRetired Racing Greyhounds. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound., 48(4), 332-334.
Mattoon, J. S. (2010). Imaging of the thorax (proceedings). Veterinary Medicine, dvm360 com, 166-177.
McKiernan, B. and Johnson, L. (1992). Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing in Dogs and Cats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 22(5), 1087-1099.
Nugent, K., Dobbe, L., Rahman, R., Elmassry, M. and Paz, P. (2019). Lung morphology and surfactant function in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a narrative review. J. Thorac. Dis., 11(9), 4031-4038.
Olive, J., Javard, R., Specchi, S., Bélanger, M., Bélanger, C., Beauchamp, G. and Alexander, K. (2015). Effect of cardiac and respiratory cycles on vertebral heart score measured on fluoroscopic images of healthy dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 246(10), 1091-1097.
Philip, R. (2005). The Normal Thoracic Radiograph: Why You Must Understand Normal to Recognise Abnormal. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association - WSAVA2005.
Robinson, N. and Gillespie, J. (1973). Lung volumes in ageing beagle dogs. J. Appl. Physiol., 35(3), 317-321.
Schillaci, M.A., Parish, S., and Jones-Engel, L. (2009). Radiographic measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio in pet macaques from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Radiography., 15(4), 29-33.
Seiler, S. G. (2010). How to Make Sense of Pulmonary Patterns in Dogs and Cats. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association - WSAVA2010.
Sleeper, M.M., and Buchanan, J.W. (2001). Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in growing puppies. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 219, 57-59.
Spasov, K., Kunovska, M., andDimov, D. (2018). Lung patterns in the dog–normal and pathological. TMVM., 3 1(4), 7–14
Torad, F. and Hassan, E. (2014). Two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio for evaluation of cardiac size in German shepherd dogs. J. Vet. Cardiol., 16(4), 237-244.