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Abstract
The risk of rabies exposure via atypical means such as handling dogs that have uncertain vaccination status, handling/processing and eating dog meat make public enlightenment inevitable. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dog handlers, dog meat handlers, and consumers at dog sales/slaughter locations and sales points of dog meat in the three major dog markets in Plateau State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to 150 respondents via face-to-face interviews or self-administered. Data collected were analyzed using IBM® SPSS® statistics version 23.0. Chi-squared test of association was conducted to determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived risk of rabies exposure among respondents. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the strength of the association. Logistic regression models were statistically significant for the combination of sex and tertiary educational background to predict likelihood that respondents would eat all parts of dog meat, χ2 (2) = 7.023, P-value = 0.03. The effect size was between 6.2% (Cox and Snell R2) and 8.4% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in likelihood to eat all parts of dog meat and correctly classified as 60.9% of cases. Educational background was the only statistically significant predictor variable (p-value=0.016; 95% CI: 0.16– 0.83), as respondents in the higher educational cadre (tertiary) have a better perception of risk of rabies and are not likely to eat all parts of the dog meat nor a rabid dog. The study reveals the significance of taking appropriate actions to ensure rabies control and prevention, rather than having mere head knowledge of the disease. Strict policies against indiscriminate dog trade, uninspected slaughter, and improper processing of dog meat, are necessary steps to prevent disease incursions via atypical means.
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References
- Ajayi, B. B., Rabo, J. S. and Baba, S. S. (2006). Rabies in apparently healthy dogs: histological and immunohistochemical studies. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 13(2), 128–134. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/article/med/16794650. Accessed August 23, 2022
- Ameh, V. O., Dzikwi, A. A. and Umoh, J. U. (2014). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners to canine rabies in Wukari metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p226
- Awuni, B., Tarkang, E., Manu, E., Amu, H., Ayanore, M. A., Aku, F. Y., Ziema S., A., Bosoka,S., A., Adjuik, M.and Kweku, M. (2019). Dog owners’ knowledge about rabies and other factors that influence canine anti-rabies vaccination in the Upper East region of Ghana. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 4(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030115
- Beyene, T. J., Mindaye, B., Leta, S., Cernicchiaro, N., and Revie, C. W. (2018). Understanding factors influencing dog owners’ intention to vaccinate against rabies evaluated using health belief model constructs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5(JUL), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00159
- Budesa, T., Egnor, E. and Howell, L. (1994). Gender Influence on Perceptions of Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles Tracy Bud. Hispanic. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Gender+Influence+on+Perceptions+of+Healthy+and+Unhealthy+Lifestyles#0. Accessed August 23, 2022
- Consumption of dog meat is documented in 15 countries (https://taazakhabarnews.com/dogs-in-the-pot/) Accessed March 10, 2023
- Ek, S. (2015). Gender differences in health information behaviour: A Finnish population-based survey. Health Promotion International, 30(3), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat063
- Ekanem, E. E., Eyong, K. I., Philip-Ephraim, E. E., Eyong, M. E., Adams, E. B. and Asindi, A. A. (2013). Stray dog trade fuelled by dog meat consumption as a risk factor for rabies infection in Calabar, Southern Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 13(4), 1170–1173. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i4.44
- Garba, A., Oyetunde, I.L., Kumbish, P.R., Clement, A.M, Chiko, .L.K., Ahmed, I.S., Lapang,H.B, Dashe, Y., tuned, O. and Banyigyi S.A. (2005). A retrospective study of bitting dogs and rabies in vom, plateau state. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science vol. I (2) 57-63.
- Ishola, O. O., Ohore, O. G. and Adigun, O. D. (2021). Rabies awareness among dog owners and detection of antibody levels against rabies in dogs presented for treatment at selected veterinary clinics in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Veterinaria Italiana, 57(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.1787.9429.2
- Iwuozo, E. U., Kohol, E. S., Okeke, A. U., Bitto, T. T., Mbaave, T. P. and Ogiator, M. O. (2022). An Eight-Year Review of the Frequency and Outcome of Dog Bite and Clinical Rabies in a Teaching Hospital in North Central Nigeria. World Journal of Neuroscience, 12(04), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2022.124021
- Kazadi, E. K., Tshilenge, G. M., Mbao, V., Njoumemi, Z., & Masumu, J. (2017). Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186677
- Nguyen, A. K. T., Nguyen, D. V., Ngo, G. C., Nguyen, T. T., Inoue, S., Yamada, A., Dinh, X.K., Nguyen, D. V., Phan, T. X., Pham, B. Q., Nguyen,H. T. andNguyen, H. T. H. (2011). Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006-2009). Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 64(5), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.64.391
- Odeh, L., Umoh, J. and Dzikwi, A. (2013). Assessment of Risk of Possible Exposure to Rabies among Processors and Consumers of Dog Meat in Zaria and Kafanchan, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(1), p142. https://doi.org/10.5539/GJHS.V6N1P142
- Odita, C I, Tekki, I. S., Moses, D. G., Barde, J. I., Egwu, K. O., Idachaba, S. E., Ahmed, J. S ., Ifende, V. I. , Makanju, O. , Ugbe, D. A. , Zhakom, P. N. , Nzekwe, E. , Watsamanda, N., Okpala, G. , Dashe, Y., Nwosuh, C., Okewole, P., A. and Shamaki, D. (2019). Dog anti-rabies vaccination coverage in Jos South LGA of Plateau State , Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(3).http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v17i3.5
- Odita, Christianah Ibironke, Tekki, I. S., Abass, A., Barde, I. J., Hambolu, E. S., Moses, G. D., Davou, J. A,, Dashe, Y., Nwosuh, C., Ocholi, R. and Mohammad, M. (2021). Effects of road networks and human population density on the risk of dog bite incidents and rabies in nigeria. International journal of public health, pharmacy and pharmacology, 6(1), 25–38. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351600580_effects_of_road_networks_and_human_population_density_on_the_risk_of_dog_bite_incidents_and_rabies_in_nigeria Accessed August 23, 2022
- Pal, P., Yawongsa, A., Bhusal, T. N., Bashyal, R. and Rukkwamsuk, T. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in Nepal. Veterinary World. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.933-942
- Tasiame, W., El-Duah, P., Johnson, S. A. M., Owiredu, E. W., Bleicker, T., Veith, T., Schneider, J., Emikpe, B., Folitse1, R. D., Burimuah, V., Akyereko, E., Drosten, C. and Corman, V. M. (2022). Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(4), e71–e81. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14266
- Tekki, S. I., Odita, C. I., Idachaba, S. E., Akanbi, B. ., Moses, D. G., Barde, J. I., and Al, E. (2016). Dog Bites and Rabies : A Decade Perspective in Nigeria ( 2005-2014 ). World’s Veterinary Journal, 6(1), 19–24.
References
Ajayi, B. B., Rabo, J. S. and Baba, S. S. (2006). Rabies in apparently healthy dogs: histological and immunohistochemical studies. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 13(2), 128–134. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/article/med/16794650. Accessed August 23, 2022
Ameh, V. O., Dzikwi, A. A. and Umoh, J. U. (2014). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners to canine rabies in Wukari metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p226
Awuni, B., Tarkang, E., Manu, E., Amu, H., Ayanore, M. A., Aku, F. Y., Ziema S., A., Bosoka,S., A., Adjuik, M.and Kweku, M. (2019). Dog owners’ knowledge about rabies and other factors that influence canine anti-rabies vaccination in the Upper East region of Ghana. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 4(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030115
Beyene, T. J., Mindaye, B., Leta, S., Cernicchiaro, N., and Revie, C. W. (2018). Understanding factors influencing dog owners’ intention to vaccinate against rabies evaluated using health belief model constructs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5(JUL), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00159
Budesa, T., Egnor, E. and Howell, L. (1994). Gender Influence on Perceptions of Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles Tracy Bud. Hispanic. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Gender+Influence+on+Perceptions+of+Healthy+and+Unhealthy+Lifestyles#0. Accessed August 23, 2022
Consumption of dog meat is documented in 15 countries (https://taazakhabarnews.com/dogs-in-the-pot/) Accessed March 10, 2023
Ek, S. (2015). Gender differences in health information behaviour: A Finnish population-based survey. Health Promotion International, 30(3), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat063
Ekanem, E. E., Eyong, K. I., Philip-Ephraim, E. E., Eyong, M. E., Adams, E. B. and Asindi, A. A. (2013). Stray dog trade fuelled by dog meat consumption as a risk factor for rabies infection in Calabar, Southern Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 13(4), 1170–1173. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i4.44
Garba, A., Oyetunde, I.L., Kumbish, P.R., Clement, A.M, Chiko, .L.K., Ahmed, I.S., Lapang,H.B, Dashe, Y., tuned, O. and Banyigyi S.A. (2005). A retrospective study of bitting dogs and rabies in vom, plateau state. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science vol. I (2) 57-63.
Ishola, O. O., Ohore, O. G. and Adigun, O. D. (2021). Rabies awareness among dog owners and detection of antibody levels against rabies in dogs presented for treatment at selected veterinary clinics in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Veterinaria Italiana, 57(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.1787.9429.2
Iwuozo, E. U., Kohol, E. S., Okeke, A. U., Bitto, T. T., Mbaave, T. P. and Ogiator, M. O. (2022). An Eight-Year Review of the Frequency and Outcome of Dog Bite and Clinical Rabies in a Teaching Hospital in North Central Nigeria. World Journal of Neuroscience, 12(04), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2022.124021
Kazadi, E. K., Tshilenge, G. M., Mbao, V., Njoumemi, Z., & Masumu, J. (2017). Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186677
Nguyen, A. K. T., Nguyen, D. V., Ngo, G. C., Nguyen, T. T., Inoue, S., Yamada, A., Dinh, X.K., Nguyen, D. V., Phan, T. X., Pham, B. Q., Nguyen,H. T. andNguyen, H. T. H. (2011). Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006-2009). Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 64(5), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.64.391
Odeh, L., Umoh, J. and Dzikwi, A. (2013). Assessment of Risk of Possible Exposure to Rabies among Processors and Consumers of Dog Meat in Zaria and Kafanchan, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(1), p142. https://doi.org/10.5539/GJHS.V6N1P142
Odita, C I, Tekki, I. S., Moses, D. G., Barde, J. I., Egwu, K. O., Idachaba, S. E., Ahmed, J. S ., Ifende, V. I. , Makanju, O. , Ugbe, D. A. , Zhakom, P. N. , Nzekwe, E. , Watsamanda, N., Okpala, G. , Dashe, Y., Nwosuh, C., Okewole, P., A. and Shamaki, D. (2019). Dog anti-rabies vaccination coverage in Jos South LGA of Plateau State , Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(3).http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v17i3.5
Odita, Christianah Ibironke, Tekki, I. S., Abass, A., Barde, I. J., Hambolu, E. S., Moses, G. D., Davou, J. A,, Dashe, Y., Nwosuh, C., Ocholi, R. and Mohammad, M. (2021). Effects of road networks and human population density on the risk of dog bite incidents and rabies in nigeria. International journal of public health, pharmacy and pharmacology, 6(1), 25–38. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351600580_effects_of_road_networks_and_human_population_density_on_the_risk_of_dog_bite_incidents_and_rabies_in_nigeria Accessed August 23, 2022
Pal, P., Yawongsa, A., Bhusal, T. N., Bashyal, R. and Rukkwamsuk, T. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in Nepal. Veterinary World. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.933-942
Tasiame, W., El-Duah, P., Johnson, S. A. M., Owiredu, E. W., Bleicker, T., Veith, T., Schneider, J., Emikpe, B., Folitse1, R. D., Burimuah, V., Akyereko, E., Drosten, C. and Corman, V. M. (2022). Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(4), e71–e81. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14266
Tekki, S. I., Odita, C. I., Idachaba, S. E., Akanbi, B. ., Moses, D. G., Barde, J. I., and Al, E. (2016). Dog Bites and Rabies : A Decade Perspective in Nigeria ( 2005-2014 ). World’s Veterinary Journal, 6(1), 19–24.