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Abstract
Mineral mining activities with environmental pollution in Nigeria resulted in lead intoxication in humans and livestock. The likelihood of lead contamination of the environment from non-mining sources may exist in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. The study was carried out to evaluate the bioaccumulation of lead in extensively reared local scavenger chickens-LSC (Gallus gallusdomesticus) in Maiduguri. Two hundred samples each of the liver, kidney, intestine, muscle and blood were tested for lead using standard methods in toxicologic evaluation. There were significant (p<0.05) variations in lead levels in the kidney, liver, muscle, intestine and blood of local scavenger chickens. The highest mean lead level (17.0±12.0µg/kg) was observed in the liver, and the lowest leadlevel (4.0±7.0µg/kg) was in the blood. No significant (p>0.05) sex differences existed in the frequency of lead detection. Mean lead level in the liver of males was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of females with the highest and lowest mean lead levels occurring in the liver and kidney of male chickens, respectively. The highest lead level detected was 414 µg/kg; in the kidney of a female LSC. It was therefore concluded that environmental pollution with lead may be detected in LSCthat bioaccumulate lead; with the liver having the highest affinity.
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References
- Abdolgader, R. E., Hussain, R. A., Hasan, S. M., and Agoub, A. A. (2013). Quantitative Determination of Cd and Pb in Tissues and Organs of Chickens Raised in El-Jabel Alakhder Region-Libya. FNS., 4, 763-766.
- Abduljaleel, S. A., and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2013). Toxicity of cadmium and lead in Gallus gallus domesticus: assessment of body weight and metal content in tissues after metal dietary supplements. PJBS., 16, 1551-1556.
- Akan, J. C., Abdurrahman, F. I., Sodipo, O.A., and Chiroma, Y.A. (2010). Distribution of heavy metals in the liver, kidney and meat of beef, mutton, caprine and chicken from kasuwan shanu market in Maiduguri metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Res J Appl Sci Eng Tech., 2, 743-748.
- Bala, A., Muhammad, L.U., Pewan, S.W., Ahmed, M.S., Muhammad, M., Junaidu, A.U., Salihu, M.D., Magaji, A.A., Faleke, O.O., Agaie, M.B., Anzaku, S.A., and Saulawa, M.A. (2013). Determination of lead (Pb) residue in kidney, liver, and muscle of slaughtered cattle in jos central abattoir, Plateau State, Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci.Toxicol. Food. Tech., 7, 48-51.
- Bourn, D., Wint, W., Blench, R.., and Woolley, E. (1994). Nigerian livestock resources survey. World Anim Rev., 78, 49-58.
- CAC. (2017). Working document for information and use in discussions related to contaminants and toxins in the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (GSCTFF). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme, Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. www.codexalimentarius.org. Accessed 3rd May 2018.
- Egahi, J.O., Dim, N.I., Momoh, O.M., and Gwaza, D.S. (2010). Variations in qualitative traits in the Nigerian local chicken. Int J Poult Sci., 9, 978-979.
- Egena, S.S.A., Ijaiya, A.T., and Kalawole, R. (2012). Comparative evaluation of spurred and spurless male and female indigenous Nigerian chicken in the three administrative zones of Niger state. Asian J Anim Sci., 6, 80-91.
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- Gueye, E.F. (1998). Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa. World Poult Sci J., 54, 73-87.
- Hernberg, S. (2000). Lead poisoning in a historical perspective. Am J Ind Med., 38, 244-254.
- Ihedioha, J.N., and Ugwu, N.J. (2012). Cadmium and lead levels in muscle and edibe offal of cow reared in Nigeria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 88(3), 422-427.
- Ijere, A., and Daura, M.M. (2000). Borno State In: Nigeria survey of states. (ed. Mamman, A.B., Oyebanji, J.O., and Peters, S.W.) Gabuno Publishers Abuja., pp 103-119.
- Ismail, S.A. and Abolghait, S.K. (2013). Estimation of Lead and Cadmium residual levels in chicken giblets at retail markets in Ismailia city, Egypt. Int J Vet Sci Med., 1, 109-112.
- Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2008). Heavy metal composition of livers and kidneys of cattle from southern Nigeria. Vet Arhiv., 78, 401-410.
- Iwegbue, C.M., Nwajei, M., and Iyoha, E.H. (2008). Heavy Metal Residues of Chicken Meat and Gizzard and Turkey Meat Consumed In Southern Nigeria. Bulg J Vet Med., 11, 275-280.
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- Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y.M., Huang, Y.Z., and Zhu, Y.G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut., 152, 686-692.
- Maguelonne, T. S. (2009). The History of Poultry. In: The History of Food., pp 306.
- Markowitz, M. (2000). Lead Poisoning. Pediatr Rev., 21, 327-335.
- Mudipalli, A. (2007). Lead hepatotoxicity and potential health effects. Ind J Med Res., 126, 518-527.
- Nwude, D.O., Okoye, P.A.C., and Babayemi, J.O. (2010). Blood heavy metal levels in cows at slaughter at Awka abattoir. Intl J Dairy Sci., 5, 264-270.
- Oforka, N.C., Osuji, L.C., and Onwuachu, U.I. (2012) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in muscles and internal organs of chickens raised in Rivers state, Nigeria. JETEAS., 3(3), 406-411.
- Okeke, O., and Okeke, D. (2015). Assessment of selected heavy metal residues in the kidney, liver, muscle and gizzard of chickens raised within Enugu metropolis. Int J Environ Pollut Res., 3, 62-66.
- Okoye, C.O.B., and Ugwu, J.N. (2010). Impact of environmental cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on quality of goat meat in Nigeria. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia., 24(1), 133-138.
- Okoye, C.O.B., Aneke, A.U., Ibeto, C.N., and Ihedioha, J.N. (2011). Heavy metals analysis of local and exotic poultry meat. Int J Appl Environ Sci., 6(1), 49-55.
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- Olaifa, F.E., Olaifa, A.K., and Lewis, O.O. (2003). Toxic Stress of Lead on Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) Fingerlings. Afri J Biomed Res., 6, 101-104.
- Orisakwe, O.E., Oladipo, O.O., Ajaezi, G.C., and Udowelle, N.A. (2017). Horizontal and vertical distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara state, Northern Nigeria. J Environ Public Health.Article ID 3506949
- Rabinowitz, M.B. (1991). Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environ Health Perspect., 91, 33-37.
- Reem, H., Manal, E., and Hanady, M. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in livers of chicken available in the local markets of Basrah city, Iraq. Basra J Vet Res., 11, 43-51.
- Tong, S., Von Schirnding, Y.E., and Prapamontol, T. (2000). Environmental lead exposures: A public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ., 78, 1068-1077.
- Tyokumbur, T.E. (2016). Appraisal of lead in the organs and tissues of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Ibadan. Int J Pure Appl Zool., 4, 225-234.
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References
Abdolgader, R. E., Hussain, R. A., Hasan, S. M., and Agoub, A. A. (2013). Quantitative Determination of Cd and Pb in Tissues and Organs of Chickens Raised in El-Jabel Alakhder Region-Libya. FNS., 4, 763-766.
Abduljaleel, S. A., and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2013). Toxicity of cadmium and lead in Gallus gallus domesticus: assessment of body weight and metal content in tissues after metal dietary supplements. PJBS., 16, 1551-1556.
Akan, J. C., Abdurrahman, F. I., Sodipo, O.A., and Chiroma, Y.A. (2010). Distribution of heavy metals in the liver, kidney and meat of beef, mutton, caprine and chicken from kasuwan shanu market in Maiduguri metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Res J Appl Sci Eng Tech., 2, 743-748.
Bala, A., Muhammad, L.U., Pewan, S.W., Ahmed, M.S., Muhammad, M., Junaidu, A.U., Salihu, M.D., Magaji, A.A., Faleke, O.O., Agaie, M.B., Anzaku, S.A., and Saulawa, M.A. (2013). Determination of lead (Pb) residue in kidney, liver, and muscle of slaughtered cattle in jos central abattoir, Plateau State, Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci.Toxicol. Food. Tech., 7, 48-51.
Bourn, D., Wint, W., Blench, R.., and Woolley, E. (1994). Nigerian livestock resources survey. World Anim Rev., 78, 49-58.
CAC. (2017). Working document for information and use in discussions related to contaminants and toxins in the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (GSCTFF). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme, Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. www.codexalimentarius.org. Accessed 3rd May 2018.
Egahi, J.O., Dim, N.I., Momoh, O.M., and Gwaza, D.S. (2010). Variations in qualitative traits in the Nigerian local chicken. Int J Poult Sci., 9, 978-979.
Egena, S.S.A., Ijaiya, A.T., and Kalawole, R. (2012). Comparative evaluation of spurred and spurless male and female indigenous Nigerian chicken in the three administrative zones of Niger state. Asian J Anim Sci., 6, 80-91.
Erdogan, Z., Erdogan, S., Aksu, T., and Baytok, E. (2005). The effect of dietary lead exposure and ascorbic acid on performance, lipid peroxidation status and biochemical parameters of broilers. Turk J Vet Anim Sci., 29, 1053-1059.
Gonzalez-Weller, D., Karlsson, L., Caballero, A., Hernandez, F., Gutierrez, A., Gonzalez-Iglesias, T., Marino, M., and Hardisson, A. (2006). Lead and cadmium in meat and meat products consumed by the population in Tenerife Island, Spain. Food Addit Contam., 23, 757-763.
Gueye, E.F. (1998). Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa. World Poult Sci J., 54, 73-87.
Hernberg, S. (2000). Lead poisoning in a historical perspective. Am J Ind Med., 38, 244-254.
Ihedioha, J.N., and Ugwu, N.J. (2012). Cadmium and lead levels in muscle and edibe offal of cow reared in Nigeria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 88(3), 422-427.
Ijere, A., and Daura, M.M. (2000). Borno State In: Nigeria survey of states. (ed. Mamman, A.B., Oyebanji, J.O., and Peters, S.W.) Gabuno Publishers Abuja., pp 103-119.
Ismail, S.A. and Abolghait, S.K. (2013). Estimation of Lead and Cadmium residual levels in chicken giblets at retail markets in Ismailia city, Egypt. Int J Vet Sci Med., 1, 109-112.
Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2008). Heavy metal composition of livers and kidneys of cattle from southern Nigeria. Vet Arhiv., 78, 401-410.
Iwegbue, C.M., Nwajei, M., and Iyoha, E.H. (2008). Heavy Metal Residues of Chicken Meat and Gizzard and Turkey Meat Consumed In Southern Nigeria. Bulg J Vet Med., 11, 275-280.
Kerr, R., Holladay, J., Holladay, S., Tannenbaum, L., Selcer, B., Meldrum, B., Williams, S., Jarrett, T., and Gogal, R. (2011). Oral lead bullet fragment exposure in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 61(4), 668-676.
Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y.M., Huang, Y.Z., and Zhu, Y.G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut., 152, 686-692.
Maguelonne, T. S. (2009). The History of Poultry. In: The History of Food., pp 306.
Markowitz, M. (2000). Lead Poisoning. Pediatr Rev., 21, 327-335.
Mudipalli, A. (2007). Lead hepatotoxicity and potential health effects. Ind J Med Res., 126, 518-527.
Nwude, D.O., Okoye, P.A.C., and Babayemi, J.O. (2010). Blood heavy metal levels in cows at slaughter at Awka abattoir. Intl J Dairy Sci., 5, 264-270.
Oforka, N.C., Osuji, L.C., and Onwuachu, U.I. (2012) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in muscles and internal organs of chickens raised in Rivers state, Nigeria. JETEAS., 3(3), 406-411.
Okeke, O., and Okeke, D. (2015). Assessment of selected heavy metal residues in the kidney, liver, muscle and gizzard of chickens raised within Enugu metropolis. Int J Environ Pollut Res., 3, 62-66.
Okoye, C.O.B., and Ugwu, J.N. (2010). Impact of environmental cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on quality of goat meat in Nigeria. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia., 24(1), 133-138.
Okoye, C.O.B., Aneke, A.U., Ibeto, C.N., and Ihedioha, J.N. (2011). Heavy metals analysis of local and exotic poultry meat. Int J Appl Environ Sci., 6(1), 49-55.
Okoye, P.A.C., Ajiwe, V.I.E., Okeke, O.R., Ujah, I.I. Asalu, U.B., and Okeke, D.O. (2015). Estimation of heavy metal levels in the muscle, gizzard, liver and kidney of broiler, layer and local (cockerel) chickens raised within awka metropolis and its environs, Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. J Environ Protect., 6, 609-613.
Olaifa, F.E., Olaifa, A.K., and Lewis, O.O. (2003). Toxic Stress of Lead on Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) Fingerlings. Afri J Biomed Res., 6, 101-104.
Orisakwe, O.E., Oladipo, O.O., Ajaezi, G.C., and Udowelle, N.A. (2017). Horizontal and vertical distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara state, Northern Nigeria. J Environ Public Health.Article ID 3506949
Rabinowitz, M.B. (1991). Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environ Health Perspect., 91, 33-37.
Reem, H., Manal, E., and Hanady, M. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in livers of chicken available in the local markets of Basrah city, Iraq. Basra J Vet Res., 11, 43-51.
Tong, S., Von Schirnding, Y.E., and Prapamontol, T. (2000). Environmental lead exposures: A public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ., 78, 1068-1077.
Tyokumbur, T.E. (2016). Appraisal of lead in the organs and tissues of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Ibadan. Int J Pure Appl Zool., 4, 225-234.
UNEP. (2008). Draft final review of scientific information on lead. In: (ed. Branch C). United Nations Environment Programme Geneva.