The Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences is an open access peer review publication and uses the Creative Common License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The journal publishes original, basic and applied research articles, short communications, case reports and review articles on all aspects of Veterinary Sciences and related disciplines. Only original contributions written in clear and concise English would be considered for publication. The Journal is published quarterly. Submission of Manuscript Articles are published on the explicit understanding that they have neither been published nor are being considered for publication elsewhere and will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder. Submission to Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences is considered by the Journal to mean that all the listed authors have gone through and agreed to all of the contents. For further details, see Guide to Authors
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
Polyalthia Longifolia Ameliorates Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Toxicity via Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Wistar Rats
Cardiovascular disease conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), are prominent contributors to global mortality. Isoprenaline induces acute myocardial damage and infarction. Polyalthia longifolia (PL), has been reported to possess various potential health benefits. Thus, this study evaluated the protective role of the phenol-rich fraction of PL leaf on isoprenaline (ISO)-mediated myocardial infarction in rats. Forty male Wistar rats (265±15g) were randomly and equally grouped into five (n=8). Group A (control) received I mL/kg distilled water, B: ISO at 90 mg/kg, C: vitamin C (Vit C) at 100 mg/kg and ISO, and D and E: PL at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively and ISO. Treatment was done orally and lasted for 13 consecutive days except for ISO which was given subcutaneously on the 13th day. Blood pressure was monitored following acclimatisation. The whole blood and the heart tissue were collected and analysed for antioxidants, inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and histopathology. Isoprenaline increased blood pressure parameters in group B. These parameters were reversed in Vit-C and PL-exposed groups. Isoprenaline significantly (p<0.05) induced oxidative stress and inflammation, and reduced antioxidant markers in group B. Vit C and PLameliorated the isoprenaline-induced toxicity in groups C, D, and E. ISO induced inflammatory cells, infarction, and oedema in the heart tissue in group B. These changes were mildly reversed in Vit-C and PL-treated rats. In conclusion, Polyalthia longifolia phenol-rich fraction mitigated isoprenaline-induced myocardial toxicity in rats, demonstrating effects comparable to those of Vitamin C.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Testosterone, Serum Biochemistry and Performance of ISA Brown Cockerels (Gallus gallus domesticus)
This study investigated the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) supplementation on testosterone, serum biochemistry, haematology, growth performance, and organ development in ISA Brown cockerels. Fifteen cockerels (six weeks old, 200–300 g) were randomly assigned to three groups designated A, B and C (n=5). Group A served as the control while groups B and C received 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg of SC respectively. Birds were fed standard grower mash for six weeks under uniform conditions. Testosterone was analyzed using a commercial (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit, while serum biochemistry was assessed with an automated analyzer. Feed and water intake were monitored, and body weight was recorded weekly. Testosterone level was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B. Supplemented groups showed improved urea levels and electrolyte profiles; however, group C had elevated creatinine and AST levels. Platelet counts increased significantly with dosage, while other haematological parameters remained unaffected. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly higher in group C from week 2 to 4 and from week 3 onward, respectively. Testicular weights increased in both supplemented groups, with the highest values in group C. In conclusion, SC supplementation at 5 g/kg improved testosterone level and physiological status, while 10 g/kg enhanced growth and testicular development but may induce metabolic strain. These findings highlight the importance of dose optimization to balance performance benefits with animal health.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cockerels, reproductive hormones, serum biochemistry, weight gain, testicular development
Copyright (c) 2025 Agbonu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates from Live Bird Markets and Commercial Farms in Zaria, Nigeria, based on Partial Fusion Genee
This study focused on characterizing Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) isolates previously obtained from live bird markets and commercial poultry farms in Zaria and environs. Ten NDV isolates, six from local chickens in live bird markets and four from exotic chickens, were isolated between November 2014 and January 2015. The isolates were collected for molecular study. They were amplified using RT-PCR, followed by sequencing of partial F gene. Eight of the ten isolates were successfully sequenced. The results indicated that all the NDV sequences were virulent based on their cleavage site motifs within the F gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant divergence (>20%) between these strains and commonly used vaccine strains like La Sota, V4, and Komarov. Notably, all analyzed NDVs grouped within sub-genotype XIVb during phylogenetic clustering, displaying shared amino acid substitutions across different positions relative to other members of this sub-genotype. These findings offer insights into potential reasons behind NDV vaccine failures by highlighting genetic differences among circulating strains versus those used in vaccines- a rationale warranting further investigation through challenge studies to improve vaccine efficacy against emerging NDV variants.
Live Bird Markets; Newcastle Disease Virus; Sequence analysis; Sub-genotype XIVb
Copyright (c) 2025 T. M. Hamisu, M. Y. Shettima, H. M. Kazeem, L. Saidu, K. A. Majiyagbe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Retrospective Evaluation of the Radiographic Pulmonary Patterns in Small Animals in Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria from 2017-2024
Radiographic examination of the lung parenchyma is crucial in the clinical diagnosis of respiratory diseases and its interpretation can be challenging. The radiographic pattern of pulmonary diseases assists because these patterns can be strategized into various forms for specific differential diagnoses. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic pulmonary patterns in small animals presented at Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria with complaints of respiratory diseases from 2017 to 2024. Two-dimensional thoracic radiographs of small animals were obtained as primary data from the archive of selected cases in the Diagnostic Imaging Center of Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria. A total of 70 thoracic radiographs were collected using a random sampling method, out of which, only 30 radiographs were observed with radiographic patterns in both dogs and cats. Of the 30 cases, 25 (83.3%) were dogs and 5 (16.7%) were cats. The pulmonary patterns observed in dogs were bronchial 7 (23.3%), alveolar 6 (20%), vascular 5 (16.7%), interstitial 2 (6.7%) and mixed patterns 5 (16.7%). While, the pulmonary patterns observed in cats were alveolar 2 (6.7%), vascular 1 (3.3%), and mixed patterns 2 (6.7%). From the results of this study’s radiographic pulmonary patterns, bronchial pattern was the most common radiographic pulmonary pattern in dogs. While alveolar and mixed patterns were the most common radiographic pulmonary pattern in cats.
Radiographic Pulmonary Patterns; Thoracic Radiographs; Small Animals
Copyright (c) 2025 M. N. Bappah, A. A. Bada, S. Muhammad, M. Lawal, I. S. Lawan, I. Sule, J. C. Nnachi, G. Bilbonga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence of Dietary Solid-state Fermented Wheat Offal on Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary solid-state fermented wheat offal (SOSFWO) on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) broiler chickens (Cobb 500) aged 1- 7 weeks were distributed to six experimental units of 30 birds. Each unit was subdivided into three subunits of ten birds each in a completely randomized design. The SOSFWO was used to formulate six diets, it was included at 0, 5, 10 15, 20 and 25% of the diets. Blood samples were collected and analysed for haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Data generated was subjected to one way analysis of variance significant differences were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. The findings showed significant (p≤0.05) increase in white blood corpuscles and lymphocyte as the level of SOSFWO increases. Similarly, serum albumin was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the groups fed 5-25% SOSFWO compared to the control. Globulin was lower (p≤0.05) in chickens fed 20 and 25% SOSFWO. Alanine-amino transference (ALAT) was lowest (p≤0.05) in the 25% SOSFWO group. It was concluded from this study that dietary SOSFWO had no negative effect on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens.
Fermented wheat offal; hematology, serum bio chemistry; broiler chickens
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulazeez et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Rabies Knowledge Gaps and Management of Dog Bite Wound among Dog Handlers in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria
Rabies is a zoonotic disease with virtually 100% case fatality rate but preventable with early administration of post exposure prophylaxes rabies vaccine to the bite victim. The objectives of this study were to assess the awareness on rabies, modes of transmission, preventive measures, and their rate of exposure to dog bites among dog handlers. The work was carried out in five Local government areas of Gombe State. Ninety-one structured questionnaire was administered by face-to-face interviews in the commonly spoken local dialect (Hausa) to dog handlers. The questionnaire covered information on demographic characteristics, awareness toward rabies and their rate of exposure to dog bites. Only 28 (30.8%) of the respondents were informed that rabies could be fatal; 56 (61.5%) respondents were aware that dog handlers faced risks of rabies infection. Of the participants, eighty-seven (95.6%) recognized that dog bites are responsible for the transmission of rabies; nonetheless, 42 (46.2%) had experienced cuts, and 38 (41.8%) had been splashed with nerves/blood during the processing of raw dog meat. Only 13 respondents (14.3%) were aware of the appropriate management for dog bite wounds in the most severe circumstances. Sixty responders (67.8%) were bitten by dogs, although none received post-exposure vaccination. Approximately 89.3% of the respondents favored the non-conventional way for treating dog bite wounds. Therefore, knowledge on the possible risk of exposure, dog bite wound treatment, post exposure rabies vaccination and preventive measures of rabies need to be improved. An adequate awareness of rabies is very crucial in controlling
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic in Beef, Mutton, and Chevon from Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Yobe State, Nigeria
This study was carried out to evaluate the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in beef, mutton, and Chevon meant for human consumption in some Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Northern Yobe within the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria. A total of 31 meat samples were randomly collected from abattoirs, slaughter slabs, and meat vendors comprising 12 (28.7%) from Gashua, 8(25.8%) from Jakusko, and 11 (35.5%) from Nguru LGAs respectively. Both species and sex of the slaughtered animals were noted during sampling. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) following microwave-assisted digestion. There were 7 (22.6%) beef, 9 (29.0%) mutton, and 15 (48.4%) Chevon samples. The overall concentrations (mean±SEM) of Cd, Pb, and As in the beef, mutton, and Chevon were 1.560±0.43 ppm, 1.047±0.41 ppm, and 0.403±0.14 ppm; 1.330±0.37 ppm, 0.926±0.33 ppm, and 0.167 ±0.07 ppm; and 1.849±0.21 ppm 1.274±0.20 ppm, and 0.734±0.38 ppm respectively. There is no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in heavy metals burden among the LGA nor the meat types nonetheless, all the mean values were above the regulatory limits. The overall sex-specific mean concentrations for Cd, Pb, and As were 1.544±0.26, 1.030±0.26 and 0.170 ±0.63 in males and 1.659±0.22, 1.149±0.19 and 0.589±0.24 in females respectively. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in the studied meat are above the maximum residue limits. There is a need to identify the sources of Cd and Pb in the studied meat, also human studies are essential to determine the possible implications of consuming meat from the area
Heavy metals; Meat; Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Yobe State
Copyright (c) 2025 Gashua et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Age, Sex, Breed and Activity-Related Effects on Some Haematological Parameters of Horses in South Western Nigeria
Haematological parameters are good indicators of the physiological status used by equine practitioners for health assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of sex, age, breed and activity on haematological parameters of apparently healthy horses from three South-western states in Nigeria. Blood samples from 100 apparently healthy horses with age ranges from 1 to 18 years old, both sexes, mixed breeds, and engaged in different activities were obtained for hematological analysis and erythrocyte osmotic fragility test. The results showed that the haematological values are comparable with normal reference values for horses. The age, sex, breed and activities had exerted some effect on the hematological values with significantly (p<0.05) higher hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cells count (WBC) in the stallions than mares. Older horses had significantly (p<0.05) lower Hb and MCH values than younger ones. The Nigerian Local horse (indigenous) and the cross breed had significantly (p<0.05) higher Hb and MCHC. Horse used for recreation activities had significantly (p<0.05) higher values when compared with other horse activities. Similarly, horse activities influenced the erythrocyte osmotic fragility. In conclusion, this study showed that the haemogram values for horses from South-western Nigeria are within the acceptable reference values for horses. Some effect of sex, age, breed and activities were observed on the haematological parameters of the horse with stallions, the indigenous, their cross breed and those engaged in recreational activities having significantly higher Hb, MCH, MCHC and WBC values.
Hematology; Erythrocyte indices; Horse: South-Western Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 A. M. Mayaki , Y. I. Likita, O. A. Alaba, Adah Osereime, O. O. Akinniyi , T. F. Ajani , O. I. Azeez, A. A. Oyagbemi, D. O. Omoniwa , O. G. Ohore, T. O. Omobowale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Gross and Histological Studies of the Uterus of Sahel Goat (Capra hircus)
Sahel goats are regarded as important breeds of goats widely distributed in West Africa and are easily recognized through their reproductive performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to investigate the gross and histological characteristics of 35 uteri of female Sahel goats aged 24 - 42 months, weighing between 30kg - 40kg respectively. The procedure was carried out at the Large Animal Clinic, University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, following a successful ovariohysterectomy of 35 does at postpartum (days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28). The uterus was then processed for morphological and histological studies at the postgraduate research laboratory, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Maiduguri. The harvested uterus appeared as large hollow organ, pear-shaped and dark red in colour. The shape and conformation of placentomes differed on postpartum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The lumen was observed, showing the presence of dark fluid. Histologically, the luminal epithelium in the caruncular area of the endometrium appeared taller and more folded at postpartum days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28, consisting of simple columnar epithelium. The stroma showed numerous glands that are more tortuous and elongated in shape, with numerous blood vessels and lymphocytes at postpartum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. This study observed significant changes in the gross morphology and histological structure of the uterus throughout the postpartum period, including reductions in uterine size, epithelial remodeling, and alterations in glandular and muscular layers.
Anatomy;Histology; Involution; Sahel goat; Uterus
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. B. Majama, A. M. Wulgo, S. Burah, M.B. Mahre, H.D. Kwari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Suspected Brucellosis in Two Sokoto Gudali Bulls
In the process of daily routine operation at the Funtua abattoir, Katsina State, two adult Sokoto Gudali bulls were presented for slaughter. Close investigation during ante mortem examination revealed the bulls with swellings on their carpal joints. Further enquiry revealed long standing history of abortion and retained placenta in their herds. A decision to delay slaughter of the bulls was made till after the day’s activities. A decision was also made to collect blood without EDTA and hygroma fluid from the affected joints for screening of brucellosis at the Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The results from the serologicaltest indicated that the two bulls have evidence Brucella antibodies. Slaughter of the bulls was carried out and the knees of the bulls condemned. The State Veterinary Services was then alerted for necessary action. Presence of hygroma may be considered as evidence of brucellosis in the herd. The owners were advised not to breed such animals in future.
Brucellosis, Sokoto Gudali, abattoir, Funtua
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Ja'afaru, S.N.A. Saidu, B.Y. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, A. M. Ahmad, Y.M. Suleiman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Concurrent Infections of Poultry with Chicken Infectious Anaemia and Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A Seroprevalence Study
Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are significant pathogens causing severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. In this study, serum samples from village chickens, broilers, layers, ducks, turkeys and geese in Maiduguri were tested for CAV and IBDV antibodies using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the 944 serum samples tested, 309 (32.7%) were seropositive for concurrent CAV and IBDV antibodies. The species distribution showed 29.9% (120/401) village chickens, 23.1% (12/52) layers, 46% (144/313) broilers, 21.3% (27/127) turkeys, 3.4% (1/29) ducks, and 22.7% (5/22) geese were positive for both CAV and IBDV antibodies. The sex distribution of the mixed CAV and IBDV seropositive samples showed an overall seroprevalence rates of 36.6% and 25.7% among males and females respectively. This study highlights the widespread presence of CAV and IBDV infections among poultry species in Maiduguri. Further research is needed to evaluate the economic impact and the cost-effectiveness of control measures.
Chicken Anaemia Virus; Infectious Bursal Disease Virus; Poultry; Seroprevalence
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. M. Shettima , T. M. Hamisu, M. U. Sajo, H. I. Gambo, M. B. Abubakar, A. D. El-Yuguda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Post-mortem Diagnosis of Small Colon Polythene-fecalith Impaction-induced Colic in a 5-year-old Local Stallion (Equus ferus caballus)
A necropsy was performed on a 5-year-old local stallion (Equus ferus caballus) weighing about 290 kg stabled adjacent to a household waste dump site. The horse was reportedly restless and anorexic with constipation some 72 hours before death. Other signs before death included pyrexia, bruxism, hyperpnoea, congested mucous membranes, and enlarged abdomen. The stallion had hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and congested lungs with ecchymotic haemorrhage on the coronary fat of the heart. There was congestion of the serosal surface of the anterior one-third of the small intestine with enlarged caecum containing granular semi-solid materials. Also, the small colon was progressively ballooned until it became wholly obstructed by an oval-shaped polythene-fecalith mass weighing about 300 g and at a point about 35 cm to the anal opening. The finding led to a definitive diagnosis of polythene-fecalith impaction of the small colon-induced colic in the horse. This has highlighted the dangers associated with inadequate nutrition, unsanitary stabling of horses and lack of exercise in the pathogenesis of some colic conditions in horses.
Equus ferus caballus; pathology; polythene-fecalith; small colon impaction
Copyright (c) 2025 S.E. Abalaka, J. S. Akinbobola, S. Z. Tags, S. O. Okaiyeto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Juvenile, Nursing Mothers and Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Raised in Sub-Saharan Africa
This study evaluated hematological and serum biochemical profiles of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats across different physiological stages; juveniles, nursing mothers, and pregnant does, reared under identical intensive management. Fifteen healthy goats (n = 5 per group) were monitored over six weeks in Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood samples were analyzed weekly for packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red and white blood cell counts (RBC, WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, liver enzymes (AST, ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glucose. Pregnant goats exhibited significantly higher PCV (33.8 ± 4.2%), Hb (12.1 ± 1.2 g/dL), WBC (13.2 ± 2.5 × 10⁹/L), TP (8.1 ± 0.9 g/dL), AST (329.9 ± 45.2 U/L), ALP (246.8 ± 35.7 U/L), and BUN (26.2 ± 3.4 mg/dL) compared to juveniles and nursing mothers (p < 0.05). RBC counts (10.9–11.5 × 10¹²/L), MCV (19.9–20.1 fL), MCH (5.9–6.4 pg), creatinine (1.2–1.8 mg/dL), and glucose (86.1–90.2 mg/dL) remained relatively stable across groups. Our results highlight clear stage-dependent hematological and biochemical adaptations during pregnancy and early life emphasizing the inadequacy of generalized adult reference intervals and the need for physiological-stage-specific thresholds in WAD goats. Adoption of cohort-specific reference values will enhance diagnostic precision, support targeted nutritional planning, and improve herd health management under intensive systems.
Intensive farming; Hematology; Pregnancy; Serum biochemistry; West African Dwarf goats
Copyright (c) 2025 A. K. Olaifa, A. Ariyibi, A. A. Usman, O. S. Olaifa, S. Balogun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Katsina, Katsina Sate, Nigeria
Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Taenia and Echinococcus species, is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock and humans, leading to public health concerns and economic losses in endemic regions. A cross-sectional study conducted from July to August, 2024 at the Katsina Metropolitan abattoir using purposeful sampling approach to determine the prevalence and hydatid cysts in small ruminants. A total of 250 sheep and goats comprising 74 sheep and 176 goats, presented for slaughter at the abattoir daily were considered as subjects for the study. Among these, 87.9% of sheep and 66.5% of goats were female. The overall prevalence of hydatid cysts was 12.8%, with 9.5% of sheep and 14.2% of goats infected. Prevalence by sex showed 2.0% in males and 10.8% in females, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Age-specific prevalence ranged from 1.6% in animals 6–12 months to 6.4% in those 25–36 months, with no significant differences amongst age groups (p > 0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in breed-specific prevalence, with Balami and Yankasa sheep showing 9.5% and 9.4%, and Red Sokoto, Kano Brown, and Sahel goats showing 17.5%, 9.1%, and 15.4%, respectively. Cyst distribution was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in intestines (80.0%) and livers (42.9%) in both species. Fertility of cysts was 100% in goat lungs and 75.0% and 66.6% in sheep and goat livers, respectively. Viability was 25.0% in sheep and 50.0% in goats, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The study concludes that sheep and goats in Katsina are infected with Taenia parasites, resulting in fertile and viable cysts of public health and economic concern. Recommendations include further studies to identify tapeworm species and public education on disease prevention to mitigate health and economic losses in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Jaafar, S. N. A. Saidu, M. Babashani, A. Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Expression Profiles of IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-1β Genes in Village Chickens Naturally Infected with Chicken Anaemia Virus
The cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-1β play crucial roles in the immune response against viral infections in chickens. Conventional PCR was conducted using primers that can specifically detect chicken anaemia virus (CAV). The expression levels of these cytokines in village poultry that were infected with CAV was investigated using Reverse Transcriptase Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Tissue samples (thymus, liver, bursa of Fabricius and spleen) were collected from village poultry in Nigeria and pooled, and the tissues from each bird were pooled and subsequently subjected to RT-qPCR to determine the expression levels of IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-1β genes. The result showed an up-regulation of these cytokine genes. Interferon gamma helps in establishing antiviral state in chickens, while IL-2 and IL-1β enhance T cell responses and inflammatory responses, respectively. In viral infections, these cytokines work together to orchestrate an effective immune response. Therefore, understanding the interplay of these cytokines is important for developing strategies that will enhance immune response in chickens particularly against viral infections.
Chicken anaemia virus; Cytokines;Gene expression;Village chicken; Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. M. Shettima, H. I. Gambo, M. U. Sajo, M. B. Abubuakar, A. D. El-Yuguda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence of Oleic Acid Supplementation on Reproductive and Immune Parameters in Diet-Unrestricted Female Wistar Rats
This study aimed to evaluate the immunoreproductive and endocrine effects of exogenous oleic acid in mature female Wistar rats on an unrestricted diet. Eighteen mature Wistar rats with normal oestrous cycles were randomly divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups (low-dose and high-dose), each consisting of six rats. For three weeks, the rats in the experimental groups received daily oral doses of oleic acid at either 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg of body weight. In contrast, the control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water. After the treatment, the oestrous cyclicity, serum hormone levels, reproductive organ weights, and blood parameters were analysed through a full blood count. The results showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in oestrous cyclicity, serum oestrogen, progesterone, or luteinizing hormone levels. However, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the weight of the relative reproductive tract, as well as in the number of mid-cells and neutrophils. Conversely, there was a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in the relative lymphocyte count. Overall, the research indicated that oleic acid does not influence oestrous cyclicity or levels of serum oestrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone in rats on an unrestricted diet. However, it does appear to have immunoregulatory effects on inflammatory cells.
Female reproductive organ; Immune response; Oleic acid; Steroid hormones; Unrestricted diet; Wistar rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Chibuogwu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Temporal Pattern of Elution of Newcastle disease virus (V4 and Komarov strains) Following Haemagglutination of Chicken and Guinea Pig Erythrocytes
The temporal pattern of elution of V4 and Komarov strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) following haemagglutination of chicken and guinea pig red blood cells (RBCs) was investigated at different temperature conditions (4ᵒC, 25ᵒC, 37ᵒC and 45ᵒC). Chicken and guinea pig RBCs were haemagglutinated with V4 and Komarov strains of NDV and the haemagglutinated RBCs were centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 5 minutes and the packed cells re-suspended in PBS, incubated at different temperatures and time intervals, centrifuged and the supernatants used to haemagglutinate fresh 2.5% suspension of chicken and guinea pig RBCs. The rate of elution of the two NDV strains increased with increase in incubation temperature against either RBC types. Significant elution pattern of the two virus strains were observed between the incubation temperatures of 45ᵒC compared to 4ᵒC and 25ᵒC using chicken RBC and between 45ᵒC and 4ᵒC using guinea pig RBC. Significant differences (≥4 fold rise in HA titre) in elution patterns between the chicken and guinea pig RBCs was only exhibited by the NDV Komarov strain at 37ᵒC and 45ᵒC. Only the chicken RBC showed notable difference in elution pattern between the two viruses at 4ᵒC. Maximum elution was recorded at 90-120 minutes of incubation, for both virus strains using the two RBCs and different incubation temperatures with the exception of NDV V4 at 45ᵒC using chicken RBC. Both virus strains demonstrated least elution at 4ᵒC and maximum elution at 45ᵒC using either RBC type. The 4ᵒC incubation temperature did not exhibit significant (≤4 fold rise in HA titre) elution by either virus strains against the different RBC types. In conclusion, the two NDV strains (Komarov and V4) were observed to elute from haemagglutinated chicken and guinea pig RBCs with increase in temperatures, with optimal elutions demonstrated at 45ᵒC and for 90 – 120 minutes of incubation and least elution at 4ᵒC throughout the period of incubation.
Newcastle disease virus V4 and Komarov strains, haemagglutination and elution, chicken and guinea pig RBCs
NDV haemagglutination and elution pattern
Copyright (c) 2025 A. D. El-Yuguda, A. B. Nabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Body Indices and Shoeing on Hoof Morphometry among Sudanese Country-Bred Polo Horses in Nigeria
Several factors influence hoof size which largely determine the normal function of the equine limbs. The effects of shoeing and body indices on hoof morphometry among Sudanese country-bred polo horses in Nigeria were evaluated in the present study. Apparently healthy, shod/barefooted Sudanese country-bred mares without hoof abnormalities were randomly selected and included in the present study. As body indices, we measured the height at withers, heart-girth, body length, and body weight; as hoof parameters, we measured the toe length, solar length, hoof width, and dorsal and ventral hoof wall width on all limbs. Pearson correlation analysis and the independent sample T test were applied for data analysis. The mean height, body weight, heart girth and body length of the Sudanese country-bred horses were 1589.5 ± 56.0 mm, 430.8 ± 42.9 kg, 1758.8±65.31mm and 1649.4±50.03mm respectively which were not significantly different between the shod and barefooted. The dorsal hoof wall width and the hoof solar length and width between the shod and barefooted groups differed statistically significantly (p<0.05). In Sudanese country-bred mares, there was a strong positive correlation that was different significantly between the heart-girth, body length, and body weight. Hoof morphometry and body indices showed a strong positive correlation. The most important ratios relating to hoof size differences between horses with shoes and those without were the hoof index, length, and width to body measurement ratios. According to this study, Sudanese Country-bred horses' hoof morphometry is significantly impacted by shoeing and body indices.
Horse; Shoeing; Morphometry; Body traits; Hoof traits
Copyright (c) 2024 I.O. Oyenekan, S. A. Salako, S. A. Koleosho, R. A. Ajadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Clinicopathological Manifestations of Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia in a Herd of Sokoto Gudali Heifers
Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP) is an endemic disease in Nigeria, mostly affecting cattle. Despite the endemic status of CBPP in Nigeria, there is a dearth of information on the clinicopathological manifestations of the disease in Sokoto Gudali breed of cattle, hence the need to highlight our findings in this report. The carcass of 11-month-old Sokoto Gudali heifer was presented for necropsy with a history of respiratory distress amongst the herd. A detailed postmortem examination was conducted, and representative tissue sections collected for histopathologic tissue processing. Swabs of the lung tissue and pleural effusion were also collected for bacteriology. A farm visit to assess and manage the disease within the herd was also carried out. Nasal swabs and blood samples were also collected for bacteriological and haematological analyses. Necropsy revealed marked fibrinous effusion in the pleural cavity, fibrinous consolidation of the left lung, and chronic pneumonia of the right lung. Clinical observations of the herd made on farm visit included emaciation, cough, nasal discharge, anorexia and fever in some of the heifers. Haematological analysis of the blood samples revealed anaemia and leukopenia due to neutropenia. Histopathological analysis of samples from the left lung revealed acute fibrinous pleuro-pneumonia whereas analysis of the right lung revealed chronic interstitial pneumonia. Microbial culture of the pleural effusion and nasal swab yielded growths of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) colonies. Consequently, the sick heifers were culled while others were treated with enrofloxacin and tetracycline injections. The burden of CBPP in cattle in Nigeria is enormous and discourages investments in the livestock sector thereby thwarting efforts to meet the protein requirements of the growing population.
Cattle; CBPP; Fibrinous pneumonia; Hydrothorax
Copyright (c) 2024 N. A. Sani, S. E. Abalaka, O. Z. Tenuche, V. O. Kolawole, D. O. Olutayo, J. E. Shaaba, J. S. Akinbola, J. S. Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Seroprevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Cattle Slaughtered from Sokoto and Zamfara States, North-western Nigeria
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), which is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies Mycoides, remains one of the most significant challenges to cattle farming in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to huge economic losses and the exclusion of the affected country from the international cattle trade. This study assessed the seroprevalence of CBPP in cattle presented for slaughter at the major abattoirs in Sokoto and Zamfara States, Nigeria. Exactly 5 mL of blood sample was aseptically collected from each of the 400 heads of cattle via the jugular vein, and sera were then separated and stored at -20°C until the time of analysis. Serological analysis was performed using an IDEXX c-ELISA test kit for CBPP. The optical density of the reactions was read at 450 nm using a Uniequip® plate reader. Seropositive samples had a percentage inhibition (PI) of at least 50%. A chi-square test was applied using SPSS Version 16 for Windows® to determine statistical differences in the disease prevalence rates based on sampling units, cattle sex and breeds. The overall seroprevalence for CBPP was found to be 30.0% in the studied area. In Zamfara State, bulls had a significantly higher (P = 0.001) prevalence rate (32.7%) than cows (32.4%). The results of this study highlight the endemicity of CBPP in Sokoto and Zamfara States; thus, mandatory annual mass vaccinations of cattle against CBPP as well as restricted cattle movement were recommended.
Abattoir; Cattle; Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; Seroprevalence; cELISA
Veterinary Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Serum Dynamics of Electrolytes, Lipid profile, and Neuro-Behavioral Severity Score in Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Albino Rat Models
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive public health concern globally, with millions of reported cases annually. This study investigates the impact of TBI on neurobehavioral deficits, electrolytes and lipid metabolism in albino rat models at different time points within 24 hours. Twenty-eight albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven rats each; Group I (Non traumatized, Control), Group II (Traumatized and sacrificed at 0 minute), Group III (Traumatized and sacrificed at 30 minutes), Group IV (Traumatized and sacrificed at 1hour), Group V (Traumatized and sacrificed at 24 hours). TBI was induced using a weight drop method after anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine at 5mg/kg and 80mg/kg respectively. A neurological severity test was carried out to determine the neurobehavioral deficits of rats in all the experimental groups. Blood sample was collected after sacrifice at 0 hour, 30 minutes, 1hour, and 24hours respectively in plain sample bottle, and serum was collected for electrolyte and lipid profiles. A mild neurological impact at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours post-injury was recorded as indicated by the lack of progression in the NSS-R score. There was a significant increase in sodium, potassium and chloride after TBI.Lipid profile analysis showed a significant increase in total cholesterol levels, while triglyceride levels remain stable post-TBI. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was significantly decreased post-TBI, while Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels had no significant change post-TBI. Induction of traumatic brain injury can result in profound electrolyte imbalance and dyslipidemia within 24 hours, thus serving as baseline data for proposed therapeutic interventions.
Albino rats; Electrolytes; Lipid profile; Neuro-behavioral severity score; Traumatic brain injury
Copyright (c) 2025 B. Ibrahim, B. Usman, A. P. Mshelia, K. A. Sanda, A. Waziri, M. H. Timta, Y. Babayo, D. Daniel, A. Magaji, T. T. Luka, N. Suleiman, M. B. Monguno, Y. B. Majama, L. S. Bilbis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing-Escherichia coli from Ruminants in Maiduguri, Nigeria: Public Health Implications
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) is resistant to many antibiotics, including cephalosporins and penicillin. The emergence of ESBL-E. coli poses a threat to the entire animal and human community, not just individuals with direct exposure to ruminants but also to the environment. The study evaluated the isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ESBL-producing E. coli from 128 ruminants in the University of Maiduguri campus. E. coli was isolated from 32 (25%) of the rectal swabs collected from cattle, goats, and sheep. ESBL-producing E. coli was more common in young animals 8(30.8%) than in adult animals 12 (11.8%). More than 80% of the isolates were resistant to all of the beta-lactam antibiotics used in the study. The study suggests that the high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in ruminants may be associated with the unregulated use of beta-lactam antibiotics in veterinary practice and animal husbandry. We recommend public health awareness about the dangers of antimicrobial resistance. Also, continued monitoring of BL-E. coli prevalence in both animals and humans is crucial to track trends and guide interventions. Promoting the judicious use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine is essential to reduce selective pressure for resistance development. Improved hygiene practices at farms, slaughterhouses, and food processing facilities can minimize contamination and human exposure.
Antimicrobial Resistance; Cephalosporins; E. Coli; Multiple resistant; Ruminants; Zoonoses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lawan et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Acute Phase Protein Profiles of Sheep with Footrot Infection caused by Dichelobacter nodosus
Foot-related diseases are among the most common herd health issues worldwide, leading to heavy burden on the sheep and their owner including heavy socio-economic losses. This study investigated the haematological, serum biochemical and acute phase protein profiles of sheep with footrot infection caused by Dichelobacter nodosus. Blood samples from 15 sheep with footrot and 10 healthy controls were collected and analyzed for possible alterations in haematological, serum biochemical parameters and acute phase protein (APPs). Sheep with footrot showed significant changes in haematological parameters including left-shift, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia and monocytosis. Serum biochemical assay revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of total protein, cortisol, glucose, haptoglobin and fibrinogen while the concentration of albumin was significantly decreased. The finding of this study emphasizes the importance of haematological, serum biochemical and APP analytes in the diagnosis and monitoring of footrot in sheep. The finding of this current study could be used for the development of point-of-care diagnostic markers that would aid prompt diagnosis and treatment of footrot in sheep.
Albumin; Bacterial infections; Dichelobacter nodosus; Fibrinogen; Haptoglobin
Copyright (c) 2024 Atata et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Dichlorvos on Pregnancy Outcomes in Wistar Albino Rats
Dichlorvos is an organophosphate widely used as an insecticide. This study determines the effect of dichlorvos on pregnancy in Wistar rats. Forty-two bred female rats were divided into 7 groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) comprising of 6 rats each. Rats in 3 groups received 4.45mg/kg in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, respectively. The other 3 groups received 8.9mg/kg in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively. The dam to pups’ ratio decreased as the dose of dichlorvos increased except in the third trimester. The percentage birth weight of the treated groups was not different from the control except at third trimester when there was a significant (p 0.05) decrease in the 8.9mg/kg groups. There were no significant (p 0.05) differences in the crown-rump and gestation length within the groups and trimesters except in the third trimester where there was a significant difference (p 0.05) between 8.9mg/kg group and others. The study shows that dichlorvos is capable of altering pregnancy outcomes in female Wistar rats.
Dichlorvos; Pregnancy outcomes; Wistar-rats
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahuta et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Preputial Bacterial Flora from apparently Healthy Bulls, Rams, and Bucks in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria
The aim of this study was to identify the preputial aerobic bacterial flora from bulls, rams and bucks and to determine their antimicrobial sensitivities. Preputial swabs were collected randomly from twenty each of clinically healthy post pubertal bulls, rams and bucks. Using standard bacteriological techniques, the following bacteria were identified; Escherichia coli (bulls 26.5%, rams 19.2% and buck 22.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (bulls 25.0 %, rams 26.0 % and bucks 24.2 %), Streptococcus (bulls 20.6%, rams 26.0 % and bucks 25.8%), Salmonella (bulls 14.7%), Shigella (rams 15.1% and bucks 15.2%) and Klebsiella (bulls 13.2%, rams 13.7 % and bucks 12.1%) species. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the proportions of bacterial species and different animal species. In bulls, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Levofloxacin (100%) while 60% of the bacterial isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin, ampiclox and streptomycin. In rams, all the bacterial isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 40% of bacterial isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. In bucks, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin (100%), ampiclox (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 20% bacterial isolates were resistant to streptomycin. This study shows that a few bacteria colonize the prepuce of ruminants in Maiduguri and there is need for preputial washing prior to breeding to reduce contamination of semen during natural mating or collection. Amoxiciillin, ampiclox, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin could be used as therapeutic agents to diseases that could be caused by the bacteria in prepuce of these animal species.
Antimicrobial; Bacterial flora; Maiduguri; Prepuce; Susceptibility
Copyright (c) 2024 Peter et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton Verrucosum in a Six-Month-Old Male Sokoto Red Goat from Dogarawa, Zaria, Nigeria
Dermatophytosis, despite its global economic importance, has generally been under reported particularly among small ruminants in northern Nigeria. This paper describes the isolation of Trichophyton verrucosum from a Sokoto Red goat in Dogarawa, Zaria. A 6-month-old male goat was presented with skin lesions suggestive of dermatophytosis. Skin scrapings including hair pullouts were collected and processed for direct examination and culture. Direct examination was performed by digesting a portion of the sample in a drop of 10% potassium hydroxide on a clean glass slide, covered with a cover slip and examined under a light microscope, using the x40 objective lens. The remaining part of the sample was inoculated onto two plates, each containing Sabouraud’s dextrose agar incorporated with chloramphenicol at the rate of 16µg/ml and cycloheximide at 0.5mg/ml. One of the plates was incubated at room temperature for 21 days while the second plate was incubated at 37ºC for the same period. A portion of mycelium from each of the plates was stained with lactophenol cotton blue and examined with a light microscope. Direct microscopic examination of the sample showed hyaline septate hyphae in skin scales while chains of large ectothrix spores were seen in hair indicating dermatophyte infection. Microscopic examination of the isolate incubated at room temperature revealed sterile mycelium with broad, irregular hyphae, bearing a single, large microconidium while the isolate incubated at 37ºC showed numerous chlamydospores occurring in chains referred to as “chains of pearls” typical of T. verrucosum. The ability to grow optimally at 37ºC and forming long chains of chlamydoconidia is peculiar to T. verrucosum and therefore, diagnostic for this dematophyte. It was concluded that T. verrucosum was the cause of ringworm in a 6-month-old goat.
Dermatophytosis, Goat, Trichophyton verrucosum, Zaria
Copyright (c) 2025 J. S. Dalis, H.M. Kazeem, K.F. Chah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibiotic Residues in fresh Chicken, Fish and Beef Meat samples in ‎Maiduguri, Nigeria
Prudent use of antibiotics in animal industry is essential for treatment of diseases and preventive measure. However, uncontrolled use of these agents in large amounts and consistently could result in the formation of antibiotic residues in muscle and organs of animal. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic residue in fresh meats in Maiduguri. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to December 2022 to determine the antibiotic residue in 3 sources of meat samples. A total of 150 fresh meat samples (chicken, fish and beef) were collected from different sale points Maiduguri, and analyzed using a Premi® Test kit (R-Biopharm AG, Germany), a microbial screening commercial test kit for the detection of antibiotic residues. The results showed an overall antibiotic residue of 127/150 (84.7%) meat samples were positive for antibiotic residues. High antibiotic residues was found in Chicken meats 47/50 (94%), followed by fish 43/50 (86%), and beef 37/50 (74%). The results in this study show the presence of antibiotic residues in meat. Therefore, it is recommended that effective legislation on antibiotic use in animals should be enforced.
Antibiotic residues, Antibiotic resistance, Food safety, Public health, Meat
Fetal Wastages Among Food-producing Animals Slaughtered at ‎Maiduguri Abattoir: Prevalence, Causes and Economic Implications
This study determined the prevalence of fetal wastage amongst slaughtered pregnant food-producing animals; the associated reasons and economic losses in Maiduguri abattoir. A seven -year (2014-2020) retrospective study on fetal wastage was conducted using abattoir records. Slaughterhouse workers/butchers were also interviewed on the factors or reasons for slaughtering of pregnant food-producing animals using a semi-structured questionnaire. Economic losses were estimated based on the price of average weight matured Cattle, Camel, Sheep and Goat and 1 kg of beef, camel meat, mutton and chevon in Maiduguri. Of the 287563 female food-producing animals slaughtered during the study period, 53 797 (18.7%) fetal wastages were recorded with species-specific prevalences of 12% (n=10137), 9.5% (n=33458), 17.4% (n=13442) and 28.3% (n=26760) for calves, camel calves, lambs, and kids respectively.There was statistically significant association (p<0.05) between season, species of slaughtered food-producing animals and the occurrence of fetal wastage. About N2.889 billion ($3,675,771), N985.5 million ($1,253,884.5), N1.277 billion ($1,624,344) and N762.660 million ($971,120.4) for cattle, camel, sheep and goat respectively were lost, that could have accrued if the fetuses have survived and reached market value as adults. Additionally, 1 213 380 kg of beef, 397 485 kg of camel meat, 357 560 kg of mutton and 564 368.4 kg of chevon valued at N3, 640,140,000 ($4,610,844), N1, 192,455,000 ($1,510,443), N1, 251,460,000 ($1,609,020) and N1, 975,289,400 ($2,539,657.8) respectively were also lost. Majority of the factors leading to the slaughter of pregnant food-producing animals were disease conditions, economic hardship, ignorance of the pregnancy status of the animal and feed scarcity during dry season. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce the slaughter of pregnant food-producing animals through proper screening test, advocacy and public enlightenment campaigns for the need of pregnancy status assessment using an affordable, user-friendly rapid test kits at farms, livestock markets and abattoirs.
Economic losses; Fetal wastage; Maiduguri abattoir; Pregnant food-producing animals; Prevalence
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Imported Frozen Fish Sold in ‎Damaturu and Maiduguri Fish Markets, Nigeria
Heavy metals bioaccumulation in fish constitute an issue of public health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in the head and muscle tissues of imported frozen fish as well as health risk to man. A total of 30 frozen fish were sampled from different fish markets in Damaturu and Maiduguri in Yobe and Borno States, Nigeria respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest mean concentration levels (0.60 ± 0.32 mg/kg and 0.06 ± 0.10 mg/kg) of Pb and Cd were found in the head and the lowest (0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.01 ± 0.00) in the muscle tissues respectively. The mean concentration levels of Pb (0.60 ± 0.32 mg/kg) and Cd (0.06 ± 0.10 mg/kg) in fish markets A and D exceed the maximum allowable limits of 0.50 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg respectively. Fish markets had statistically significant (p< 0.05) effect on the concentration levels of Pb among the sampled fish. The assessment of potential health risk; estimated daily intake, the target cancer rate, target hazard quotient and hazard index values obtained were below the threshold, indicating consumption of head and muscle of imported frozen fish sold in the study areas is safe and hazardless. However, because of their non-degradable nature and tendency to accumulate in tissues and organs, we recommended that heavy metals contamination in imported frozen fish should be monitored regularly, and packages should contain concentration labels before releasing it into the market value chain.
Frozen fish; Heavy metals; Hazard index; Risk assessment; Target cancer risk; Target hazard quotient
Comparative Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus Shedding from Naturally ‎Infected Breeds of Poultry in Maiduguri, Nigeria
Newcastle Disease (ND) has been considered as a threat to poultry industry worldwide. Despite different strategies aimed at controlling ND in Nigeria, the severe form of the disease continues to occur even in vaccinated poultry farms. The disease is transmitted primarily through contact with infected or carrier birds. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) shedding through either cloacal or oropharyngeal route play a critical role in the spread of NDV. However, there is paucity of information on the comparative contribution of these routes to NDV shedding. In this study, a total of 256 swab samples were collected from cloacal (n = 128) and oropharyngeal (n = 128) routes from broilers, layers, village chickens, ducks and turkeys that were naturally exposed to NDV. Haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were carried out to detect the presence of the virus. The results of NDV shedding from cloacal and oropharyngeal routes were compared. The result showed a higher prevalence (42.2%) of NDV shedding from cloacal route when compared with oropharyngeal route (26.6%). In addition, village chickens showed a higher prevalence (43.8%) of NDV shedding when compared with all other breeds sampled. Furthermore, birds at 6 weeks shed higher NDV (66.6%) than the birds of other ages. Therefore, the result of this study showed that the prevalence of NDV shedding was higher in village chickens via cloacal route. There is a need to quantify the amount of NDV shedding in both cloacal and oropharyngeal routes from these breeds of poultry so as to evaluate the viral infective dose.
Broilers; Cloacal and Oropharyngeal routes; Layers; Newcastle disease virus